Physical and Chemical Data form for ocean- 

 ographic stations, and delivered to the Na- 

 tional Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). 

 These data are listed by NODC as Ref. No. 

 31-1089 NW. 



The field party from the University of Wash- 

 ington made direct measurements of currents 

 from 5 meters to near the bottom at 5-meter 

 intervals at each station. Current velocity and 

 direction were measured by the Kelvin-Hughes 

 Direct Reading Current Meter. The ship was 

 anchored at each station when the meter was 

 operating and the ship's magnetic heading was 

 recorded. The meter was inoperative on the first 

 line of stations due to a faulty termination 

 between the conducting cables and the deck 

 read-out. Current measurements were made on 

 a total of 66 stations. All current data were 

 processed at the University of Washington De- 

 partment of Oceanography. 



Mechanical bathythermograph lowerings 

 were made on all 83 oceanographic stations by 

 the ship's personnel. The slides and completed 

 logs were submitted to the NODC for final 

 processing. 



A continuous sounding program was under- 

 taken during the survey utilizing an AN/ 

 UQN-IC echo sounded. However, routine elec- 

 tronic failures hampered full-time use of the 

 echo sounder, along with several instances 

 when the instrument was needed on the bridge 

 for navigation purposes and no soundings were 

 obtained. The bottom profiles are included in 

 the vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, 

 oxygen, and current velocity. 



Weather and Ice Observations 



Weather 



Surface observations were taken at the rate 

 of four per day at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 

 hrs. GMT. These regular surface observations 

 were transmitted to the appropriate weather 

 stations. No upper air observations were taken 

 during the survey. Four bathythermograph ob- 

 servations were taken daily in conjunction with 

 the six-hourly surface observations. In addi- 

 tion, bathythermograph observations were 

 taken on each oceanographic station. 



Sea surface temperature observations were 

 taken on the odd hours, 24 hours per day, in 

 support of the Antisubmarine Warfare En- 

 vironmental Prediction System (ASWEPS). 



One collective sea surface temperature mes- 

 sage was transmitted daily after the 2300 

 GMT observation to Fleet Weather Central, 

 Pearl Harbor. A summary of the 147 recorded 

 and transmitted surface observations is given 

 in Table 1. 



In general, in summer when low pressure 

 cells move into the Bering Sea, they occasion- 

 ally continue northward, then eastward follow- 

 ing the coast of Alaska. The air which moves 

 in from the northeast is relatively moist hav- 

 ing picked up some moisture from the Arctic 

 Ocean. This airflow frequently causes wide- 

 spread low level cloudiness. During the survey 

 period this cloudiness was very prevalent, 

 nearly 90% of the time. Fog was also very 

 common with a 35% occurrence. In general 

 there was good visibility with light winds and 

 calm seas despite the low level cloudiness. The 

 average air temperature on station for the first 

 occupation of the four sections was 46°F. For 

 the second occupation the average air tempera- 

 ture on station was 45 °F. The lowest air tem- 

 perature recorded during the survey was 39 °F 

 on the second occupation of section E-E', 



Ice Conditions 



No ice was encountered in the survey area 

 since the southern boundary of the ice pack 

 during the entire period was about 70 °N (fig- 

 ure 2). Figure 2 is a reproduction of a U.S. 

 Navy Ice forecast received by facsimile from 

 Fleet Weather Central, Kodiak, Alaska. The 

 USCGC NORTHWIND encountered the first 

 ice of the cruise off Wainwright, Alaska on 23 

 July while on the rescue mission to save the 

 Canadian vessel CSS RICHARDSON trapped 

 north of Point Barrow. Scattered brash ice 

 increased in concentration becoming 10/10 cov- 

 erage of thick winter ice by midnight. Some 

 young polar ice was observed from time to 

 time. Figure 3 shows the ice conditions from 

 Point Barrow to approximately 80°N on 24 

 July as a result of a U.S. Navy ice observer 

 flight from the Arctic Research Laboratory, 

 Point Barrow, Alaska. 



Ice observations were made at six-hourly in- 

 tervals when the USCGC NORTHWIND was 

 in sight of or operating in ice. Ice observations 

 were taken at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 hrs. 

 GMT in conjunction with the surface weather 

 observations. Several ice reconnaissance flights 



