26 ADVANCEMENT OF MARINE SCIENCES 



sea or live on its shores, earlier storm warnings and long-range weather 

 forecasts. These would be continuous benefits to the United States in 

 times of peace and national emergency. 



From this research also would come knowledge that will aid our 

 defense arms in thwarting enemy attacks from the sea. 



Submarines, missiles launched from undersea, and nuclear warheads 

 have added a new dimension to ocean warfare. Never could an 

 •enemy sea attack be made against us with less warning than it could 

 be now. And never coidd a sea attack be more destructive. 



RESEARCH FOR SECURITY 



Security of our Nation and the free world is irrevocably contingent 

 on freedom of the seas. 



The U.wS. Navy has the responsibiHty of assuring this freedom 

 throughout the oceans of the world. 



This responsibiHty extends during peace as well as when the Nation 

 is at war. 



In time of peace the Navy stands guard to protect seaborne com- 

 merce by keeping the highways of the ocean open, and at distant 

 stations serves as a deterrent to aggressive powers aspiring at conquest 

 of the weak. 



In time of war these responsibilities are magnified and, in addition, 

 the Navy must defend the Nation from sea or undersea attack, 

 invasion by sea or saboteurs, and protect convoys of troops, miutary 

 equipment and supphes. 



Prior to World War I these responsibihties required primarily that 

 the Navy command the surface of the ocean. 



With the exception of primitive mines, invented and used by Russia 

 in the Crimean War, the only invisible menace to ships-of-war were 

 obstructions created by nature such as rocks, reefs, and near-surface 

 shoals. 



The advantages of subsurface warfare, concealment, and surprise, 

 have been known since Alexander the Great used glass barrels in a 

 nighttime harbor attack at the siege of T>Te, 436 B.C. 



David Bushnell, in 1776, frightened British sea captains in the Hud- 

 son River with a one-man, hand-operated submersible, the Turtle. 



The fu'st submarine to sink a ship was the Confederate Navy's 

 Hundley in the W^ar Between the States. The date was February 

 17, 1864. Despite this unprecedented exploit war at sea remained 

 two dimensional. Not until 1900 did the U.S. Navy acquire its first 

 truly operational submarine, product of the genius of two American 

 scientists, John B. Holland and Simon Lake. 



Advances in science and technology were still required to make the 

 submarine an effective instrument in wide-scale operations, and meet 

 such demands as complete submergence for long periods of time, high 

 underwater speed and rapid maneuver, and most important of all, of 

 remaining unseen while its officers and men could "see" the enemy. 



In 1914 a German submarine sank three British cruisers in 1 hour. 

 Naval warfare had become three dimensional, the third dimension 

 extending both above and below the surface of the ocean, as aircraft 

 also began the task of search and surveillance. 



German submarines began sinking not only British warships but 

 merchant vessels of neutral nations including the United States and 



