28 ADVANCEMENT OF ]VIARINE SCIENCES 



Units of this combined Communist submarine fleet can 

 be supported from bases stretching from the Bering Strait, 

 just a few miles from the new State of Alaska, to Hainan 

 Island in the South China Sea. 



Some conventionally powered Communist submarines can 

 operate unrefueled along the entire coastline of North 

 America to the Panama Canal, the Hawaiian Islands, 

 Indonesia and Australia, and well into the Indian Ocean. 



Combined, the two Communist nations on the Pacific have more 

 submarines operating in that ocean than the United States has in all 

 waters of the world. 



The Sino-Soviet submarine fleet is not alone a menace in the Pacific. 

 It is a world menace. Soviet Russia, in addition to her submarines 

 in the Pacific, has from 350 to 400 available for operation in the North 

 and Baltic Seas, the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic Ocean. 



Russia's concentration on submarines is clear indication that in 

 any contest for control of the world ocean she intends to hurl her 

 challenge not from the surface but from below it. 



As further evidence two Soviet authorities may be quoted. 



Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, at a session of the Supreme 

 Soviet, stated: 



In the Navy the submarine fleet assumes great importance 

 while surface ships no longer play the part they did in the 

 past. 



Admiral Golovko of the Soviet Navy recently told a Russian 

 audience : 



With the rapid development of nuclear and missile weapons 

 as well as radar, submarine forces assume the greatest im- 

 portance in the navy. They are capable of dealing powerful 

 blows not only against enemy navies but also against objec- 

 tives situated in remote enemy territory. 



Golovko's statement is clear evidence that the motivation of 

 Russia's massive submarine fleet is aggression extending into "remote 

 enemy territory." 



The mission of the U.S. submarine force is defense. 



THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN UNDERSEA WARFARE 



Since World War II the problems of long and deep submergence 

 and high speed under water have been answered through the develop- 

 ment by American scientists headed by Adm. Hyman Rickover, USN, 

 of the atomic, or nuclear-powered submarine. Many problems, how- 

 ever, including that of "seeing" while remaining unseen, have not as 

 yet been solved. 



The submarine commander must know at all times where he is and 

 the obstacles or enemies around him. As a Navy spokesman observed: 



The task of navigating a submarine at high speed and deep 

 submergence without bottom information that is accurate 

 and adequate can be compared with driving a 10-ton truck 

 on the freeway blindfolded. 



