54 ADVANCEMENT OF MARINE SCIENCES 



The committee received expressions from other scientists in various 

 parts of the country who also emphasized the need, in conducting 

 fisheries research programs sponsored by the Bureau, of long-term 

 grants or contracts. Presently the Bureau follows the contract pro- 

 cedure with but one or two exceptions and those in recent weeks. 



In certain instances, your conmiittee was told, institutions receiving 

 a contract for a specialized program have increased faculty and staff 

 and acquired supplementary equipment needed to carry out the pro- 

 gram, only to have the contract terminated before the research had 

 more than commenced. Absence of long-term grants or contracts has 

 had a tendency to discourage applications to undertake programs for 

 the Bureau, this committee was informed. 



In view of these expressions and the above testimony, your com- 

 mittee amended subsection (a) of section 5 to provide funds, by grants, 

 including but not limited to long-range grants, contracts, or otherwise, 

 to qualified scientists, research laboratories, institutions, or other 

 non-Federal agencies for research, equipment, or facilities. 



This amendment will not only facilitate fisheries research, but 

 should result in savings of time and costs. 



Page 11, line 10, substitute the word "or" for the word "and", a 

 perfecting amendment. 



Page 11, line 11, strike the words "research programs" and substitute 

 the word and punctuation "research,". 



Page 11, line 12, following the word "facilities," and before the words- 

 "and for" insert the following: 



the design, development, and production of new, and im- 

 proved, research, biological survey, and communications 

 instruments and devices, employment of scientists and 

 personnel, 



The development and utilization of new and improved specialized 

 instruments and devices is one of the imperative needs of an expanded 

 oceanographic and Great Lakes research program. 



Improved instruments can in part compensate for the shortage of 

 research ships and scientific manpower by enabling more scientific 

 data to be obtained with the available manpower, ships, and labora- 

 tories. They also will have the efl'ect of reducing ship time requu-ed 

 for many research missions, and ship time is one of the most important 

 cost factors in ship operations. 



Moreover, many important phenomena in the oceans cannot pres- 

 ently be studied, and much of the marine life at lower depths cannot be 

 collected for study, with the instruments presently available. 



Development of instruments and devices for subsurface use in the 

 marine environment has been slow for a number of readily under- 

 standable reasons. 



One is that it is only in very recent years that man has felt a need to 

 examine the waters of the ocean at depths far below the surface to 

 observe the life within these depths and the forces that move these 

 dark waters. 



Very few scientists had a concept of even what instruments or 

 devices might be useful and helpful to scientific inquiry at subsurface 

 depths because there were very few oceanographic scientists, in fact 

 less than 50 in the United States before World War II. 



