ADVANCEMENT OF MARINE SCIENCES 87 



and biological problems. Of timel}^ significance is the attempt to 

 penetrate to the earth's mantle to better our understanding of the 

 origin and history of our planet. This undertaking, loiown as Project 

 Mohole, involves the development of new drilling methods that can 

 be used in the deep seas. This project has recently resulted in a 

 spectacular achievement. Samples from nearby a thousand feet 

 beneath the sea floor were obtained by drillmg m 3,000 feet of water. 



Considerable attention will also be given to applied problems in the 

 marine sciences. Oceanographers will be studying such problems 

 as sound propagation in water, the effects of changes in ocean condi- 

 tions on the movement of ships, weather forecasting, and fisheries 

 management. Methods of predicting changes in ocean conditions 

 also are being developed. Eventually they may lead to maps of 

 ''weather within the sea" much like the atmospheric weather maps 

 of today. 



Many advances are being made in methods of exploring the seas. 

 Oceanographers are now able to descend to the great depths in 

 bathyscaphes. New electronic equipment will allow them to probe 

 the ocean and to "see" with sound pulses what before has been opaque. 

 Using these new techniques, our scientists already have discovered 

 vast currents below the ocean sm'face a thousand times larger than 

 the flow of the Mississippi. 



If-. Training oj oceanogra'phers 



The most imporant part of our long-range program in oceanog- 

 raphy is the training of young scientists. Scientific manpower of 

 every sort mil be needed — -technicians, college graduates, and post- 

 graduate researchers — and they must be trained in many scientific 

 disciplines. This training should go hand in hand with the conduct 

 of research at universities and other oceanographic institutions. By 

 their support of these institutions, the programs of the national 

 Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, and the Depart- 

 ment of Health, Education, and Welfare will be of major importance 

 to an expanding program in oceanography; for they can result in the 

 education of new young scientists as well as in the production of new 

 Imowledge. In the coming year, these agencies are undertaking to 

 increase the number of feliowship awards and graduate student 

 research contracts, and they also will encourage the development of 

 new university programs in oceanography. 



5i Ocean surveys 



Worldwide surveys of the oceans — their properties, their contents, 

 and boundaries — -are needed to make charts and maps for use of 

 scientists in their research programs and for a variety of commercial 

 and defense applications. The U.S. ocean survey program for fiscal 

 year 1962 is being increased within the limits of ships available for 

 this purpose. I am requesting additional funds to allow the Coast 

 and Geodetic Survey to extend the operating season of its existing 

 ships, thus making the maximum use of limited ship resources. As 

 already mentioned, funds are included for a new survey ship which 

 will increase our deep-sea survey capability. 



