99 



SUPPLEMENT 4/75 



Graphics 



GM/IBM, LucasFilm 



Sketchpad, Utah 

 E&S, SGL 



Networking 



Ethernet, Pup, Datakit 



Arpanet, Internet 

 DECnet, LANs, TCP/IP 



Windows 



Englebart, Rochester 

 Star, Mac, Microsoft 



RISC 



Berkeley, Stanford 

 Sun, SGL, IBM, HP 



VLSI design 



Mead/Conway, Mosis 

 many 



1965 



1970 



1975 



1980 



1985 



1990 



1995 



Federally funded R&D 



I] Industrially funded R&D 

 $1 billion business 



FIGURE n.l3 Technological developments in computing. 



NOTE: The productive and profitable interactions between federally and privately funded R&D are 

 apparent in this time line of the development of several important computer technologies. These 

 include computer graphics; networks: use of icons, buttons, and other "user-friendly" methods now 

 commonly known as "windows"; reduced instruction set computing (RISC), which simplifies and 

 speeds computer operations; and very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit design, which has proved 

 crucial to man>' manufacturing and design improvements. The institutions at which federally funded 

 work was begun are noted along the right margin, as are the companies that developed and eventu- 

 ally commercialized the technologies. In many cases, the federally funded work was conducted at 

 universities, but some was done in industry-. Note that privately fimded R&D preceded federal R&D 

 in the cases of VLSI and RISC, and yet federal funding was nonetheless crucial in enabling the cre- 

 ation of ideas realized ultimately in commercial applications. 



SOURCE: Adapted from Figure ES. 1 in a report by the Computer Science and Telecommunications 

 Board. National Research Council, £j'o/t'/>i^ the High Performance Computing and Communica- 

 tions Initiative to Support the Nation s Information Infrastructure (Washington, D.C.; National 

 Academy Press. 1995), p. 2. 



sudden; (4) unexpected results are often the most important (e.g., electronic mail 

 and computer "windows" soft^vare methods were not the intended products of 

 research programs that spawned them; many drugs used for hypertension were first 

 developed for other purposes); (5) research stimulates communication and interac- 

 tion, with complex interactions between industry and academia; (6) research trains 



