107 



ENDNOTES/ 83 



Supplement 3 



1 . Office of Science and Technology Policy, Science in the National Interest (Washington, 

 D.C.: Executive Office of the President, August 1994), p. 15. 



2. National Science Foundation (including data from Department of Commerce), data for the 

 United States, Table B- 15, "National Expenditures for R&D as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product, 

 by Source of Funds: \955-94: National Patterns of R&D Resources: 1994, NSF 95-304 (Washing- 

 ton, DC: National Science Foundation, 1995), p. 71; data on other countries, Table B-20, "National 

 Expenditures for the Performance of R&D as a Percentage of GDP, by Country: 1970-93," p. 77. 



3. See Forging the Future: Policy for American Manufacturing, report of the Manufacturing 

 Subcouncil to the Competitiveness Policy Council (Washington, D.C.: Competitiveness Police- 

 Council, March 1993), pp. 218-219. 



Supplement 4 



1 . Material about hypertension treatments is based largely on research undertaken by Rebecca 

 Henderson and her colleagues (Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 

 through a project titled "Understanding the Role of the Public Sector in Pharmaceutical Innovation," 

 and on the historical research of Harriet Dustan (University of Vermont), Edward Roccella (National 

 Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), and Howard Garrison (Federation of American Societies for Experi- 

 mental Biology). 



2. Historical research of Harriet Dustan (University of Vermont), Edward Roccella (National 

 Hean, Lung, and Blood Institute), and Howard Garrison (Federation of American Societies for Experi- 

 mental Biology). 



3. Illustrations from telecommunications and computing, along with many conclusions in this 

 section, are taken from a report of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National 

 Research Council, £i'o/f»>j^ the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to 

 Support the Nation 's Information Infrastructure (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 

 1995). 



4. Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council, £fo/fi>jg 

 the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation 's Infor- 

 mation Infrastructure, 1995. 



5. Norman F Ramsey, Lyman Physics Laboratorv', Harvard University, "Response to Vannevar 

 Bush Award," personal communication to Robert Cook-Deegan, National Academy of Sciences, June 

 19, 1995. 



6. Many of the points in this and the next section are adapted from Donald E. Stokes's forth- 

 coming book, Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation (Washington, D.C.: 

 Brookings Institution. 1996). 



7. George Porter, Lord of Luddenham, Imperial College of Science,Technology and Medicine, 

 London, confirmed by electronic mail message (via his secretary Bctt\' Savers) to Robert Cook- 

 Deegan, National Academy of Sciences, August 10, 1995. 



8. Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Covmcii, Evolving 

 the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Infor- 

 mation Infrastructure. 1995. 



9 Susan Rosegrant and David R. Lampe, Route 128: Lessons from Boston's High-Tech 

 Community (New York: Basic Books, 1992), p. 16. 



10. Institute for the Future, The Future of America's Research-Intensive Industries, Report R- 

 97, Menlo Park, Calif., 1995. 



1 1 Institute for the Future, The Future of America's Research-Intensive Industries, 1995. 



12. Alfonso Gambardella, Science and Innovation: The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry During 

 the 1980s (New York: Cambridge Universit>' Press, 1995); Rebecca Henderson and Iain Cockbum, 

 Scale. Scope, and Spillovers: The Determinants of Research Productivity in the Pharmaceutical 

 Industry, Working Papers Series, Working Paper No. 4466 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of 

 Economic Research, September 1993); Rebecca Henderson, "The Evolution of Integrative Capability: 



