282 DEACON [CHAP. 12 



have been discussed by Herdman (1957). There is a useful relief chart in the 

 U.S. Hydrographic Office Publication No. 705, Oceanographic Atlas of the Polar 

 Seas, Part 1, Antarctic, 1957. Most world atlases give fairly detailed bathy- 

 metric maps, that of the Morskoi Atlas being outstanding. 



2. Oceanographic Data 



The physical and chemical observations likely to be found most useful are 

 contained in the report of the German Atlantic Expedition (Brennecke, 1921), 

 the Meteor Expedition (Wiist, 1932), the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 

 (Mosby, 1934), Discovery Investigations (Station Lists, 1929 to 1957), French 

 Antarctic Expeditions (C.O.E.C. Bulletin, 1951, No. 10), British, Australian 

 and New Zealand Antarctic and Research Expedition (Howard, 1940), German 

 Antarctic Expedition 1938-1939 (Model, 1958), Norwegian Brategg Expedition 

 (Midttun and Natvig, 1957), Operation Deep Freeze II (U.S.H.O. Technical 

 Report 29), U.S. Navy I.G.Y. Programme (Lyman, 1958), Expedition of the 

 Soviet Research Ship Ob 1955-1956 (U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 1958), and 

 Japanese expeditions in recent numbers of the Oceanographic al Magazine and 

 Records of Oceanic Works in Japan. 



3. Wind Zones 



The almost circular outline of the continent and the continuous ring of water 

 favour the development of relatively simple wind and current systems. A low- 

 pressure belt extends round the continent in about 65°S, though it is a few 

 degrees farther north in the Atlantic Ocean and a few degrees farther south in 

 the Pacific Ocean. North of the low-pressure belt the prevailing wind is west 

 and the water moves east with some northward component. The average speed 

 of the eastward current judged mainly from old drift-bottle records (see 

 Kriimmel, 1911, Bd. 2, 677) is about eight miles a day, which is 2 to 3% of 

 the mean wind speed. South of the low-pressure trough the winds are rather 

 more variable but the current appears to set mainly to the west following the 

 trend of the Antarctic coastline. The east wind will cause some southward as 

 well as eastward movement, and the low-pressure region between the west- and 

 east-wind drifts is a region of diverging flow in which deep water tends to up- 

 well so that there is more mixing between the deep and surface waters. There 

 are not enough current measurements to produce any kind of chart, but there 

 is enough evidence to show that the coastal winds and currents are disturbed 

 near prominent topographical features. There are northward currents on the 

 west sides of the Ross Sea and Weddell Sea, and smaller northward deflections 

 in other places, near the Kerguelen-Gaussberg ridge and near Peter I Island 

 for example. 



4. The Water-Masses 



Examination of temperature profiles and the distributions of temperature 

 and salinity in vertical sections across the west- wind drift shows a natural 



