measurements were used to compute estimates 

 of sampling depths. Because all of the casts 

 were made to depths of less than 50 meters 

 under conditions of low wire angle, no sig- 

 nificant errors are thought to exist in the com- 

 puted estimates. 



Currents 



Direct measurements of currents were made 

 on 14 stations at two depths from the vessel at 

 anchor. A Hydropi-oducts model 502 recording 

 current meter (CGOU) was lowered to 10 m 

 depth and allowed to run for periods ranging 

 from 1 to 35 hours (about li/a hours on most 

 stations). A Geodyne model 102 recording cur- 

 rent meter (USGS) was lowered to within 

 1.5-2 m of the bottom on most of the same 

 stations for simultaneous measurement of 

 near-bottom currents. 



Strip charts from the Hydroproducts meter 

 were digitized by hand, yielding data points at 

 3V^-minute intervals. Calibration corrections 

 were applied to the speed data, and corrections 

 for magnetic variation were applied to the 

 direction record. The data were then processed 

 to yield means and standard deviations of speed 

 and direction, progressive vector diagrams, 

 vector histograms, and vector averages. 



Photographic records from the Geodyne cur- 

 rent meter were processed by machine, yielding 

 speed and velocity information at l-minute in- 

 tervals. These values then were reprocessed by 

 computer to obtain 15-minute, 1-hour, and 

 overall vector sums. Vector values were cor- 

 rected for magnetic variation before progres- 

 sive vector diagrams were plotted. 



Meteorological Observations 



Surface meteorological observations were 

 made at 6-hour intervals and on each station. 

 Upper air observations were made daily. 



Ice Observations 



Observations of ice cover and pack edge loca- 

 tion were made visually and by radar from the 

 vessel routinely and from helicopter recon- 

 naissance flights when necessary. 



Qtiality Control 



Initial quality control of all physical and 

 chemical oceanographic data was performed on 

 board GLACIER, and final control was con- 

 ducted at the Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit. 



All of the oceanographic data were submitted 

 to the U.S. National Oceanographic Data 

 Center (NODC) for archiving and further 

 processing. NODC listings of the processed 

 data have been included in this report (ap- 

 pendix A). 



Surface Properties and Air-Sea Interaction 



Ice conditions encountered during WEBSEC- 

 70 (fig. 6) were much like those described as 

 average for September-October (U.S. Navy 

 Hydrographic Office, 1958). Both the advance 

 of the polar ice pack on the coastline and the 

 freezing of winter ice were approximately "on 

 schedule." Oceanographic stations were gen- 

 erally occupied in the relatively ice-free water 

 between the main pack edge and the coast (10 

 fm isobath), except for occasional stations and 

 stations 9 through 23 which were occupied 

 near the pack edge by design (figs. 2 and 6). 

 Station 21 was located about 10 nautical miles 

 inside the pack edge, the deepest penetration of 

 the cruise. 



The proximity of the ice pack influenced 

 water properties at the sea surface and, to a 

 lesser extent, in the upper 10 meters. Melting 

 along the pack edge lowered temperature and 

 salinity of the adjacent water to values gen- 

 erally less than 1° C and 31 ppt (figs. 7, 8, 10, 

 11). The concentration of dissolved oxygen in 

 the surface layer was higher in the vicinity of 

 the ice pack (figs. 13, 14), but this only reflects 

 the greater solubility of oxygen in colder water, 

 as is evident from the lack of similar patterns 

 in the distribution of percent saturation of dis- 

 solved oxygen (figs. 16, 17). Nutrient values in 

 the northern sector of the survey (figs. 19, 20, 

 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29) also appeared to be in- 

 fluenced by melt water from the adjacent ice 

 pack. Dilution of surface values by the melt 

 water apparently resulted in low concentra- 

 tions; stations near the ice pack off Icy Cape 

 showed the lowest surface nutrient values en- 

 countered. 



The variation of weather conditions during 

 the cruise period strongly influenced surface 

 water properties. Air temperature (fig. 31) 

 remained nearly constant during the early 

 portion of the cruise (stations 8-30, 25 Sep- 

 tember-5 October), then generally decreased 

 for the remainder of the cruise (stations 30-87, 

 5-17 October) . An increase in air temperature 



