masses into and out of the Arctic Ocean; the freezing of sea ice and the 

 processes which alter its properties; the geothermal and crustal properties 

 of the sea floor; the carbon monoxide budget of ice-free and ice-covered 

 areas; sound-scattering layers and underwater acoustic propagation in the 

 Polar Basin; and as the results of joint aircraft and submarine projects, 

 the relation between under ice and surface sea-ice roughness. 



Important advancements occurred in instrumentation and techniques, 

 such as an improved capability to measure radioisotopes in ocean water; a 

 simple capacitance water-level detector system to measure both swash and 

 beach ground water and an integrated sensing system for monitoring the 

 important coastal zone process variables; a new means of determining the 

 presence and distribution of minerals in unconsolidated sediment cores by 

 thermoluminescence ; a technique for semiautomatic plotting of shallow 

 bottom topography from remote-sensor data; a small, portable field gas 

 chromatograph for rapid determination of the composition of dissolved gases 

 in coastal waters and a deep-ocean device for measuring the in situ partial 

 pressures of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and methane; a digital- 

 readout pivoted-vane current meter for simultaneous measurement of verti- 

 cal and horizontal velocity components ; an acoustic velocimeter for measur- 

 ing the acoustic properties of sea-floor sediments in situ; and numerous 

 special systems for water-mass acoustic research. 



Enhancement of ocean prediction and theory was achieved by the collec- 

 tion of substantive evidence and definition of drag coefficient dependency on 

 atmospheric stability over the open ocean, extensive modeling of weather 

 over the ocean to treat special problems, significant advances in the relia- 

 bility of buoys and the special internally recording data systems planted and 

 recovered in deep waters of the rough North Atlantic, development of 

 reasonably accurate models demonstrating the modification of wind velocity 

 from offshore to onshore, and findings on the salt concentration in coastal 

 aerosols as a function of wind velocity. 



Water-quality program enhancement came through major estuarine and 

 coastal dynamics studies and modeling, determination of the changes in 

 ocean background levels of major isotopes from nuclear power reactors 

 ashore or past nuclear weapons tests, and determination of chemical pollut- 

 ant effects at various concentration levels on marine algae. 



Ocean Engineering 



The ocean engineering program has as its objective the development 

 of technology to enable the Navy to operate anywhere, and at any time, 

 throughout the depths of the ocean. It is also a major source of develop- 

 ments related to national civil needs. Among its key projects is the Deep Sub- 

 mergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV), developed as an all-weather submarine 

 rescue system and operable to beyond submarine hull collapse depths. 



DSRV-1 was accepted by the Navy in 1971. In tests, DSRV-1 mated 

 with the simulated distressed submarine facility installed at a 1 70-foot depth 

 off San Clemente Island, Calif., and completed a successful underway mate 

 with the "mother" submarine USS Hawkbill (SSN-666) at a 270-foot depth. 

 The Hawkbill mate included the transfer of personnel between the two 



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