representative of physical characteristics typical of the Great Lakes and, 

 more generally, as offering the opportunity for investigating typical water 

 resource problems. A series of hydrological and limnological studies, as 

 well as special investigations associated with the effects of ice and lake storms, 

 will serve to meet management requirements for environmental factors perti- 

 nent to navigation, hydropower, public water supply, waste disposal, recrea- 

 tion, fish productivity, highway transportation, and the operation of port 

 facilities. 



Experimental projects are being undertaken in IFYGL to ascertain the 

 large-scale processes important to Lake Ontario, for example, materials 

 balance, heat balance, and terrestrial water balance. Experiments will also 

 provide data and information on small-scale variability of operational para- 

 meters and related variables and on lake phenomena and address the total 

 lake coastal regions and the Basin. Major projects are circulation-diffusion, 

 chemistry and biology, fisheries, and lake-atmosphere boundary layer. While 

 the experimental approach is the major emphasis in IFYGL, water resource 

 management requires improved prediction of the environmental response to 

 or effects upon management alternatives. Modeling and simulation projects 

 are therefore included, and the multiyear analysis phase following the Field 

 Year is of significance. 



The joint United States-Canadian data-collection program scheduled to 

 run from April 1, 1972, to March 31, 1973, is the most comprehensive yet 

 planned for the Great Lakes in terms of network intensity in space and 

 time, numbers and types of data-acquisition systems, and use of advanced 

 data-acquisition systems. A U.S. field headquarters is being established at 

 Rochester, N.Y., to deploy, operate, maintain, and support the major U.S. 

 data-acquisition systems and for field data management activities. The 

 Canadian Centre for Inland, Waters (CCIW) is the focal point for Can- 

 adian field operations. 



Five major and many supporting data-acquisition systems are being op- 

 erated. Ship systems will measure lake physical, chemical, biological, and 

 meteorological properties at predetermined stations and tracks, utilizing ac- 

 curate DECCA navigation and various measurement devices, for example, 

 electronic bathythermographs and sonar. Water samples will be obtained 

 and processed at water analysis laboratories aboard the vessels and also at 

 shore facilities. Canada will employ three major research vessels; the United 

 States, two, plus many small vessels. Buoy, tower, and automatic meteorologi- 

 cal stations will measure currents, water temperatures, water levels, and 

 surface meteorological parameters. A buoy network of 11 Canadian and 10 

 American buoys is planned. Three calibrated weather radars will measure 

 precipitation intensity over small-area elements and span the Lake and Basin 

 every 10 minutes for the 12-month Field Year. Advanced rawinsonde systems 

 will be released at frequent intervals from six stations around the Lake to 

 make atmospheric soundings of wind, temp>erature, moisture, and pressure. 

 Airborne instruments will measure vertical fluxes of heat, moisture, and 

 momentum in the atmospheric boundary layer. Remote sensing observations 

 of surface information, such as temperature and snowpack water con- 

 tent, will include multispectral and radiation measurements. Participating 

 scientists will also use such systems at towers, wells, strezun gages, and pro- 



94 



