cedures to measure fish, benthos, phytoplaakton, and zooplankton. It is antic- 

 ipated not only that all the interlocking scientific programs now underway 

 will yield better knowledge of the physical, chemical, and biological pro- 

 cesses occurring in Lake Ontario, but that this knowledge will be useful in 

 resolving water resource problems of Lake Ontario and other lakes. 



Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway Navigation Season Extension 

 Demonstration 



Under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1970, the Corps of Engineers was 

 assigned responsibility for implementing a 3-year cooperative program to 

 extend the navigational season of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence 

 Seaway. The Department of the Interior, AEC, EPA, Great Lakes Commis- 

 sion, Great Lakes Basin Commission, NASA, Coast Guard, Maritime Ad- 

 ministration, NOAA, and the Corps have formed the Winter Navigation 

 Board, with the International Joint Commission and Canada participating 

 as observers. The Board has established an advisory group of industry, labor, 

 and consumer representatives and concerned citizens to assure balanced con- 

 sideration of all interests. The surrounding States make direct contributions 

 to policies and programs through the Commissions in the Great Lakes area. 

 The program will include: improving vessel construction techniques, navi- 

 gation aids, and icebreaking technology to insure safe and economical 

 merchant-vessel operations in ice-covered waters ; and performing basic re- 

 search on ice mechanics, structural design, and measurement techniques to 

 improve present understanding of ice forces. It will also consider methods of 

 reducing or preventing ice formation in critical areas and develop operating 

 procedures and ice-control devices to improve operations during the navi- 

 gation season. 



In 1971, ice-control structures in the St. Lawrence Seaway were instru- 

 mented, and a broad environmental and ecological study program was de- 

 veloped. Ice-control devices were tested in the St. Marys River near Soo 

 Locks and in the St. Lawrence River above the Eisenhower Lock; in 1972, 

 mechanical methods for keeping harbors open will be tested, instrumenta- 

 tion will be added to a Great Lakes structure to measure the impact of ice 

 forces, winter gates on the St. Mai"ys River control structure will be tested, 

 and contracts will be let for installing ice booms designed last year. 



GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE> 



Scheduled for the summer of 1974, the GARP (Global Atmospheric Re- 

 search Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) will be the first of 

 a series of major observational experiments sponsored by the WMO and the 

 International Council of Scientific Unions. The objectives of GATE are to 

 study the structure and evolution of weather systems in the tropical eastern 

 Atlantic and to assess the extent to which these tropical disturbances aflfect 

 the behavior of the whole atmosphere. It is believed that tropical convective 

 storms, besides being a dominant feature of weather in the Tropics, provide 

 a strong driving force for the entire atmosphere and that they transport vast 

 quantities of heat and moisture from the tropical oceans into the atmosphere 

 at higher latitudes and, therefore, affect weather everywhere. First priority 



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