and facilities and a broad spectrum of environmental and other 

 knowledge applicable to civilian use as well as to naval operations. 

 The Navy must insure a rapid transfer of this technology to the 

 civilian sector, particularly in the areas of ocean engineering and 

 ocean science where the Navy has made its most important 

 advances. 



Most of the Navy's oceanographic work is conducted in the deep 

 ocean, although shallow waters, characteristic of coastal zones, 

 where over-the-beach and mine warfare operations may occur, are 

 also of interest. Some of the Navy's oceanographic needs in shallow 

 waters are filled by the investigations of numerous Federal, state, 

 and local marine scientists whose interests and responsibilities are 

 concentrated in that area. 



The Navy Oceanographic Program, coordinated by the 

 Oceanographer of the Navy, is divided into four management areas: 

 ocean operations, environmental prediction services, ocean science, 

 and ocean engineering. Other related defense programs are the 

 mapping, charting, and geodesy (MC&G) programs of the Defense 

 Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center (DMAHC) and the marine 

 science and technology programs of the Defense Advanced Research 

 Projects Agency (ARPA). 



Ocean Operations 



The operations program consists of deep ocean and coastal 

 bathymetric and geophysical surveys, which serve as the major 

 source of data for the Defense Mapping Agency's (DMA) nautical 

 chart production. Of equal importance as a part of ocean operations 

 are deep ocean and coastal oceanographic surveys to meet specific 

 fleet and research and development (R&D) needs. The general 

 information and data gathered from these ocean surveys are used in 

 numerous ways to support naval operations. Although the survey 

 work uses dedicated ships adapted to special program requirements, 

 every attempt is made to collect as much marine oceanographic and 

 hydrographic data as possible from all oceangoing ships. Because 

 requirements for deep ocean surveys far outstrip available survey 

 resources, all Navy fleet resources are used, whenever possible, to 

 collect ocean data. 



The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), established by Secretary of 

 Defense Directive of January 1972, became operational July 1, 1972. 

 It provides nautical chart production and distribution services to 

 DOD users for a variety of military needs ranging from 

 dissemination of safety-at-sea information to special naval charts 

 for ASW, USW, and Naval Operations. In addition, DMAHC 

 provides worldwide nautical charting and safety-at-sea information 

 to the U.S. merchant marine and mariners in general. 



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