state under international law for conduct that causes pollution damage 

 outside its territory and to assess the degree to which that responsibility 

 is likely to be expanded in the next two decades. 



A major project in forecasting the outcome of the law of the sea 

 negotiations has been completed by the Center for Naval Analysis. Proj- 

 ect investigators have analyzed statements made by decisionmakers in 

 other countries with regard to law of the sea voting procedures, trends, 

 and expected changes in national positions, including the likelihood of 

 position shifts toward U.S. positions by other countries, and identifica- 

 tion of possible compromises to which specific countries might agree. 



Two NSF projects focus on the problems associated with technical 

 assistance in marine development and the nature of ocean policymaking 

 in the Soviet Union. Pressure for technical assistance in marine science 

 by developing countries has intensified in recent years. One study is 

 seeking to analyze the relationship between technical aids as an instru- 

 ment for economic development and the political and economic setting 

 that shapes the scope and impact of such programs. The area under 

 study is the Caribbean, and the study will involve an analysis of 

 programs undertaken in all fields related to marine sciences or resource 

 management during the decade from 1962 to 1972. 



A project recently funded by the NSF's Office for the International 

 Decade of Ocean Exploration involves another aspect of ocean policy- 

 making. It has been clear for some time that the Soviet Union has in- 

 vested heavily in the expansion of its maritime capabilities. Far less evi- 

 dent, however, is how and by whom Soviet decisions on ocean policy are 

 made. This project will analyze the goals and activities of Soviet agen- 

 cies, institutions, and interest groups involved in ocean management and 

 policy making. Particular attention will be given to the way ocean policy 

 choices are shaped by domestic interests, technological capabilities, and 

 perceptions of broader international interests. These aspects of ocean 

 policy making will be described in case studies of the fishing industry 

 and oceanographic research. Information used in the study will be 

 derived from a systematic analysis of Soviet professional publications 

 and periodicals on ocean matters over the past decade, literature on 

 Soviet bureaucratic behavior and decisionmaking, and interviews with 

 ocean specialists from the United States and the Soviet Union. 



Support to Coastal Zone Management 



In New York State, a variety of Sea Grant projects are tackling plan- 

 ning problems from several perspectives. One is looking at the coastal 

 management institutional structure in New York. Several others are 

 studying the prospects for redevelopment of the New York City coastal 

 zone, and the potential of the city's coastlines for recreational use by ur- 

 ban neighborhoods. A more general analysis focuses on the manage- 



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