10 FRONTIERS IN OCEANIC RESEARCH 



These surveys would include detailed bottom topography, which 

 incidentally would be of great use to our underwater navigators. 



They would include measurements of surface temperatures, of the 

 distribution of temperatures in the oceans, of salinities, general chemi- 

 cal composition, ocean currents, and so forth. 



Mr. Anfuso. These are the things we don't have now, is that right, 

 Doctor? 



Dr. Brown. We do not have this on a worldwide basis. 



We don't believe that all of this should be done by the United 

 States, but we do believe it would be in the interest of the United 

 States for us to plan on doing about 30 percent of it during the next 

 10 years or so. And we believe that other nations can be persuaded 

 to carry out other aspects of these surveys themselves on a cooperative 

 basis. I will discuss that a little more later. 



Mr. Anfuso. Doctor, may I ask how long your statement will take ? 



Dr. Brown. I can trim it down to anything you want, sir. 



Mr. Anfuso. I would advise it, because we have other witnesses. 



Dr. Brown. Would you like another 5 minutes ? 



Mr. Anfuso. Thank you. 



Dr. Brown. Fine. 



Now, in addition to the oceanwide surveys, we advocate substantial 

 increases in the applied marine sciences, and particularly in the de- 

 fense areas, in the areas of marine resources, and in the study of 

 radioactivity in the oceans. 



As corollaries to the broad general recommendations we recommend 

 a major program in education and manpower, increasing the output 

 of marine scientists, a major program of ship construction, increasing 

 our fleet of research and survey vessels from 45 to 85. When we count 

 retirement of obsolete vessels this would mean a program of building 

 70 new ships in the course of the next 10 years. We recommend the 

 construction of shore facilities to go along with these ships. We also 

 recommend the establishment of a major program on developing new 

 devices for the exploration of the seas, such as the bathyscaph, which 

 you will hear about today. 



The new activity over and above the present activity we believe will 

 cost in terms of 1958 purchasing power, about $650 million over a 10- 

 year period. 



This compares with the expenditures for oceanographic research of 

 a nonmilitary nature in 1958 of $23 million. 



I would like to stress that we consider this a minimal program. 

 This is a program which our committee considers to be absolutely 

 essential from a long-range point of view, and when we look at it, it 

 really is not quite as expensive as one might think considering the 

 dividends to be gained. 



The pursuit of space for peaceful purposes under NASA has a 

 budget, as I understand it, somewhere in the neighborhood of $900 

 million. This entire program could be supported for 10 years on 1 

 year of NASA's budget. And with that J will stop and solicit your 

 quesl ions, if I may. 



Mr. Anfuso. Thank you, Dr. Brown, for a very fine statement. 

 I understand that you have an additional admirer here, so my colleague 

 from California informs me, Mr. Miller, in the person of Mrs. Brown, 



