FRONTIERS IN OCEANIC RESEARCH 5 



B. Schaefer, who is director of the Inter- American Tropical Tuna 

 Commission — that is an international commission of North and South 

 American states, and his activities center at La Jolla, in California. 



Then we wanted someone who is well versed in engineering tech- 

 niques and broad problems of science, but who is not an oceanographer, 

 and we selected Dean Athelstan Spilhaus from the Institute of Tech- 

 nology of the University of Minnesota, who had also had a great deal 

 of experience with the Department of Defense. 



We wanted someone who is familiar with Government activities 

 and Government structure, and we were very fortunate in obtaining as 

 a committee member Mr. Sumner Pike, of Lubec, Maine, who was one 

 of our original Atomic Energy Commissioners, who is retired and who 

 has been happy to serve with us. His work with our committee has 

 been extremely useful indeed. 



In addition, we wanted someone again who is not an oceanographer 

 but who is familiar with the broad problems of modern biology, and 

 we selected Dr. Colin Pittendrigh, professor of biology at Princeton 

 University. 



We have since appointed two more biologists to our committee, Dr. 

 Dixie Lee Ray from the University of Washington, and Dr. Per 

 Scholander from the Scripps Oceanographic Institution in La Jolla. 



Does that answer your question, sir ? 



Mr. Anfuso. Yes, thank you. 



Dr. Brown. I should point out that we spent 2 years in our study 

 during the course of which we held meetings and investigated the 

 status of research at many of our major institutions and some of the 

 smaller ones as well. 



Our major conclusion was that relative to other areas of scientific 

 endeavor, progress in the marine sciences in the United States has 

 been slow. 



I would like to discuss this area by area, if I may. Now, first, I 

 would like to discuss the problems of defense in relation to the marine 

 sciences. 



When we look at the evolution of modern weapons systems, it is 

 amply clear that one of the major problems which confronts us is 

 that of creating hardness in our missile bases. 



This is a very real problem on land. Coupled with this, we are faced 

 with the brute fact that no matter how hard we might make a missile 

 base on land, it is difficult to create it in such a way that people in 

 neighboring communities are not going to be killed should there be 

 an enemy attack. 



I personally have thought a great deal about these problems, and 

 again and again and again I am forced to the conclusion that we are 



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being pushed into the oceans as a major answer to this problem. 



I believe that in another decade or so warfare is going to be con- 

 ducted primarily in the oceans. 



I believe that the emergence of the Polaris submarine is a strong in- 

 dication that we have already gone a long way down this path. 



Now, if we are going to fight a war in the oceans, it means we have 

 to know something about the oceans. 



The victor, in such a war, will be that nation which knows most 

 about the oceans. 



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