62 FRONTIERS IN OCEANIC RESEARCH 



I am not aware of an oceanographic — any oceanographic part of 

 the curriculum at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, for example, 

 which I think would be the first place in the Navy where we would 

 address ourselves to oceanography because then the undergraduates of 

 the Academy would have had the proper training in the basic sciences, 

 so they could broaden themselves into oceanography. 



Mr. Van Pelt. That is all. 



Dr. Wakelin. I can supply anything we pick up for the record on 

 this if you would like it, sir. 



Mr. Van Pelt. Well, it might be interesting because we have a bill 

 pending before the committee for the establishment of a national 

 academy or scientific academy. 



Someone might want to refer to that. 



Dr. Wakelin. Yes. 



Mr. Van Pelt. That is all, Mr. Secretary. 



The Chairman. That will be very helpful. 



(The information requested is as follows :) 



The U.S. Naval Academy offers two elective courses for academically qualified 

 midshipmen : 



Oceanography : 14 midshipmen enrolled. 

 Underwater acoustics : Eight midshipmen enrolled. 

 Postgraduate training is sponsored by the Navy as follows : 



Oceanography at University of Washington (2-year course) : one officer 

 per year now, to be increased to five officers per year in September 1960. 



Hydrography (geodesy) at the Ohio State University (2-year course) : 

 three officers per year. 



Meteorology at U.S. Naval Postgraduate School offers basic course in 

 oceanography related to meteorology : 35 officers per year. 



The Chairman. Mr. Secretary, also we don't have time to ask you 

 directly this morning, but these questions compiled by the staff are 

 very important questions. If we could give you a list of these ques- 

 tions, there are eight of them, and if you could place the answers in 

 the record it would help. 



Dr. Wakelin. Yes, sir. 



The Chairman. Round out the entire record. I think it will be 

 very useful. 



I will give Dr. Sheldon the questions and he will give them to you 

 in due course. 



Dr. Wakelin. Yes, sir. 



(The questions and answers are as follows :) 



1. Q. In what way will oceanographic research contribute to an improved 

 antisubmarine defense for the United States? 



A. The present antisubmarine defense for the United States is based almost 

 entirely upon the use of underwater acoustics. This applies to open ocean 

 surveillance, submarine detection, localization and classification as well as to 

 the operational use of ASW weapons systems. Oceanographic research will 

 contribute an improved antisubmarine defense by providing us with an under- 

 standing of. or a working knowledge of the following phenomena of the sea: 



(a) Effect of wind on the water surface in producing ambient noise: 



(b) Effect of sea state and swells in producing sound scattering, reverber- 

 ation, and ambient noise: 



(c) Effect of the thermocline, salinity, biological organisms, and internal 

 waves on sound propagation and volume reverberation for sonar systems: 



(d) Effect of deep velocity profiles on propagation of long-range sonar 

 signals ; 



(e) Effect of the slope, roughness, and reflectivity of the sea floor on 

 bottom reflection characteristics ; 



