74 



INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF OCEANOGRAPHY 



dressed failed to respond, and these may be excused 

 on the probabiUty of the requests not having 

 reached them or because no revisions of statements 

 already submitted were needed. A very few of the 

 records are taken from the list of Professor Magrtni 

 ('27) cited above. Regarding the institutions in 

 Spain, it should be said that Prof. Rafael de Buen 



helped to get accurate records of the Spanish insti- 

 tutions for about the summer of 1934 — they were 

 probably accurate to the end of 1934. Because of 

 the distressing civil war in Spain the records have 

 been left as they were submitted by Professor de 

 Buen. It is not possible to forecast what the 

 conditions will be after the war is ended. 



OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH OUTSIDE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS 



Although the account of oceanographic institu- 

 tions is mtended to give a picture of the researches 

 conducted by them it does not cover all the im- 

 portant oceanographic work, for example, Prof. V. 

 Bjerknes, the father of modern dynamical oceanog- 

 raphy, is connected with the Department of 

 Physics at the University of Oslo and is now not a 

 member of the staff of any oceanographic institu- 

 tion, although he was at one time connected with 

 the Geophysical Institute at Bergen, Norway. 

 Prof. Johan Hjort and his assistants are preparing 

 reports on oceanographic collections in the biological 

 laboratory of the University of Oslo. Prof. H. H. 

 Gran is the head of the botanical institute in the 

 same university. Prof. V. W. Ekman, another 

 leader in dynamical oceanography, is professor of 

 hydrodynamics at the University of Lund. The 

 names of others might be mentioned. 



It was desirable to include in this report a cata- 

 logue of oceanographers, but that was not practi- 

 cable. The list of oceanographers prepared by 

 Professor Magrmi has been mentioned. For those 

 who care to do so an extensive but incomplete list 

 of the research workers in oceanography can be 

 compiled by taking from this report the names of 

 those who are members of the staffs of the different 



institutions and the names of others who are men- 

 tioned in the discussion of various topics. 



Much valuable oceanographic research is done at 

 institutions in which such investigations are only 

 incidental to other activities. An instance of this 

 is the investigation of the various aspects of marine 

 bottom deposits at the United States Geological 

 Survey. An investigation now under way at it is 

 the study of the bottom cores obtained in the 

 northern Atlantic by the use of the Piggot gun 

 mentioned at another place in this report. Many 

 museums conduct, on collections, sent them, re- 

 searches that are of great value to oceanography. 

 In general these museums are not listed in this 

 catalogue, but a few will be mentioned here. The 

 British Museum of Natural History conducts 

 investigations on collections obtained by oceano- 

 graphic expeditions and it is not restricting its 

 researches to biological material. Recently Dr. 

 J. D. H. Wiseman has been appointed a member 

 of the staff of the Mineralogy Department and he 

 will work on marine bottom deposits. Another 

 museum at which valuable work is done is the one 

 at Hamburg. Nearly all of the large museums, 

 that serve as depo.sitories of oceanographic collec- 

 tions, make by the researches of the members of 

 their staffs valuable contributions to oceanography. 



ACTIVITIES BY COUNTRIES 



The catalogue here presented contains the names 

 of 245 institutions, after eliminating the Pourquoi 

 Pas? which was destroyed in September, 1936. It 

 is probable the names of a few inactive or abandoned 

 institutions, names taken from Magrini, 1927, 

 are included, and it is also probable that there have 

 been some omissions, but it is believed that a fair 

 picture is given of the provisions for work on the 

 various aspects of the oceans in the different coun- 

 tries. The distribution of the institutions by 

 countries is indicated by the following table, but it 



does not necessarily follow that the oceanographic 

 output of a country can be inferred from the number 

 of institutions or marine stations in it. In some 

 countries the work is concentrated. In Germany, 

 for example, instead of there being a number of 

 marine biological stations, as in France, the United 

 States, and Japan, there is one large excellently 

 equipped station on Helgoland. A large number 

 of small stations helps the students of many uni- 

 versities to get access to the sea and its inhabitants. 

 France has large stations as at Roscoff and Arago 



