University, will be used for buoy placement (fig. 38) and 

 recovery as well as for hydrographic surveys, respectively. 

 The RV Thomas G. Thompson from the University of 

 Washington will be used for both physical and biological 

 oceanography. 



In addition to the four research vessels, specially instru- 

 mented aircraft from the National Center for Atmospheric 

 Research in Boulder, Colo., will be used in conjunction with 

 shore installations to gather meteorological and sea surface 

 information. 



Data from the CUE-I and MESCAL experiments will pro- 

 vide the descriptive and theoretical basis for the JOINT-I experi- 

 ment, scheduled to take place off the Northwest Africa Coast in 

 early 1974. JOINT-I is the first full-scale integrated experiment 

 on a marine ecosystem. Its primary research objective is the same 

 as the central scientific objective of the CUEA program, i.e., a 

 theoretical and experimental investigation of the physical, 

 chemical, and biological dynamics of coastal upwelling, in 

 order to develop a total system model of this complex ecosys- 

 tem. JOINT-I is the first major experiment of the CUEA 

 program. All previous cruises are considered as preparatory 

 experiments for JOINT-I. It is scheduled for February-April 

 1974 in the region of the northwest Africa Coast between Cap 

 Blanc and Cap Verde (fig. 39). The selection of the northwest 

 coast of Africa for this first major experiment was based on 

 the presence of a powerful upwelling system in that region and 

 the extensive scientific foundation provided by the Cooperative 

 Investigations of the Northeast Central Atlantic (CINECA) 

 program. More than 20 cruises by oceanographic and fisheries 

 research vessels of 8 countries have been made in the CI- 

 NECA region to date, and an intensive multiship effort is 

 taking place in 1973. This 1973 program is the first of two 

 CINECA phases and is primarily devoted to a detailed physi- 

 cal, chemical, and biological survey of the dynamics of the 

 Canary Current and the coastal upwelling system. A possible 

 link between those systems will also be investigated during 

 transects from the coast to 550 kilometers offshore. U.S. 

 scientists from the CUEA project have taken part in seven past 

 cooperative cruises in this area and will lead the second major 

 CINECA phase on upwelling process studies during 1974. The 

 JOINT-I experiment will be a major attempt to understand 

 each component of upwelling as it develops from the offshore 

 movement of surface water; surface water replacement by nu- 

 trient-rich wattrs from deeper, cooler layers; the growth of 

 plants that feed on these nutrients; the growth of microscopic 

 animals that feed on the plants; and finally, the influx and 

 growth of fishes that feed on these smaller organisms. 



Coastal Upwelling Experiment (CUE)-I 



This project was an intensive detailed field experiment, 

 designed in close coordination with numerical models and the- 

 oretical hypothesis, to study the physical dynamics of coastal 

 upwelling. The objective of CUE-I was an understanding of 

 the time and space scales of the coastal upwelling phenomenon 

 and the development of the ability to estimate its three-dimen- 

 sional velocity and distribution of properties. This objective is 

 viewed as a first step toward attaining the capability to predict 

 the complex integrated processes (biological and physical) in 

 upwelling ecosystems. 



The principal tool of CUE-I was an instrument array that 

 included recording current meters, temperature and salinity 

 sensors, as well as anemometers. The arrays were deployed in 

 an intensive 2-month time-series study of the circulation, den- 

 sity field, and winds off the Oregon coast during summer 1972. 



Figure 40 shows the experimental area mooring locations, 

 and hydrography stations off the Oregon coast. The principal 

 moored array, the CUE BUOY FARM, consisted of two lines 

 of buoys, the Newport and Depoe Bay lines. On the Newport 

 line, current meter strings were installed at the Alpha, Beta, 

 Gamma, and Delta locations. At each location, 2, 3, or 4 

 current meters were mounted. A surface buoy recorded wind 

 speed and direction as well as air and water temperatures. The 

 Depoe Bay line has subsurface moorings at the Epsilon, Theta 

 and Zeta locations. Surface buoys for wind and temperature 

 were also maintained at Epsilon, Iota, and Zeta. 



In the center of the grid at the Kappa location, the 

 NOAA Pacific Oceanographic Laboratory installed a moored 

 array that intensively measured the upper ocean layers and 

 meteorological parameters. 



The 5 meter-SODS (Small Ocean Data System) buoy was 

 located in about 100 meters of water on the Newport line. The 

 Oregon State University TOTEM buoy was at 45° N on the 

 Depoe Bay line. 



IMMEDIATE GOALS 



SUBMODELS: 



PREDICTION OF 

 VELOCITY FIELD 



SUBMODELS: 



PREDICTION OF 

 PHYTOPLANKTON FIELD 



SYSTEMS 



ANALYSIS 



SYSTEMS 



REAL WORLD 



DISTRIBUTION 



OF FLOW AND 



PROPERTIES 



OBSERVATION 



2_ 



DISTRIBUTION 

 OF NUTRIENTS, 

 AND 

 ORGANISMS 



rrk 



PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 

 METEOROLOGY 

 BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY 

 DENSITY STRUCTURE 



WIND STRESS 

 (U.V.W) ADVECTION 

 DIFFUSION 

 INSOLATION 



EXISTING AND 

 NEW 

 PHYSICAL MODELS 



SIMULATION 



\ 



ANALYSIS 



OBSERVATION 



PHYTOPLANKTON, NUTRIENTS 

 ZOOPLANKTON 

 NEKTON, BENTHOS 

 BACTERIA 



NUTRIENT UPTAKE 

 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY 

 AND CHELATION 

 GRAZING 

 REGENERATION 



EXISTING AND 



NEW BIOLOGICAL 



MODELS 



SIMULATION 



UPWELLING SYSTEMS 

 MODEL 



T 



ULTIMATE GOAL 



Figure 36. — Diagram of systems approach to 

 understanding of upwelling ecosystems. 



39 



