Key to figure 1 1 



Contour intervals: for isotherms, T C; for ice elevation, 

 500 m. Continental outlines represent a sea-level lowering 

 of 85 m. In northern Siberia, dotted lines indicate a recently 

 revised estimate of the ice extent; solid lines indicate ice 

 extent actually used in this experiment. Albedo values for 

 nonglaciated land are in map legend. To aid in the visualiza- 

 tion of the thermal gradient along the North Atlantic Polar 

 Front, alternate contour lines have been omitted in the west- 

 ern Atlantic. 



A. Snow, ice, etc.; albedo over 40%. Isolines showing ele- 



vation of the ice sheet above sea level in meters. 



B. Sandy deserts, patchy snow, snow covered dense conif- 



erous forests; albedo between 30% and 39%. 



C. Loess, steppes, semi-deserts, etc.; albedo between 25% 



and 29%. 



D. Savannas, dry grasslands, etc.; albedo between 20% and 



24%. 



E. Forested and thickly vegetated land; albedo below 20% 



(mostly around 15-18%). 



F. Ice-free ocean and lakes, with isolines of sea-surface 



temperature in C, albedo below 10%. 



Key to figure 12 



Contour interval is 2'C. Areas where temperature change 

 was greater than 4'C are shown in light stipling. Ice-free 

 land areas are shown in darker stipling. Continental and ice 

 outlines conform to a grid spacing of 4 latitude by 5° 

 longitude. Heavy solid lines indicate continental outlines; 

 dashed lines are ice margins on land; dotted lines indicate 

 sea-ice margins. Large dots mark locations of cores used in 

 reconstructing sea-surface temperatures 18,000 years ago. 



Table 9.-CLIMAP Scientists 



Executive Committee 



J. Imbrie, Brown University 

 J. Hays, Columbia University 

 A. Mclntyre, Columbia University 

 G. Denton, University of Maine 



Senior Scientific Investigators 



Brown University; W. Hutson, N. Kipp, R. Matthews, W. Prell 

 Case Western University: H. Sachs 



Columbia University: A. Be, P. Biscaye, W. Broecker, L. Sure 

 B. Molfino, H, Okada, N. Opdyke, P. H. Ping, T. Saito, S. 

 University of Maine: B. Andersen, T. Hughes, W. Karlen, T. 

 Oregon State University: L. Hogan 

 University of Rhode Island: G. Heath 



National Corresponding Members 



W. Balsam, Southampton College 



R. Barry, University of Colorado 



M. Bender, University of Rhode Island 



M. Briskin, University of Cincinnati 



K. Bryan, GFDL/NOAA 



H. Fritts, University of Arizona 



J. Gardner, USGS 



W. Gates, RAND Corporation 



L. Heusser, Tuxedo, N.Y. 



J. Kennett, University of Rhode Island 



R. Ku, University of Southern Calif. 



J. Kutzbach, University of Wisconsin 



S. Manabe, GFDL/NOAA 



D. Schnitker, University of Maine 



H. Thierstein, Scripps Inst, of Oceanog. 



T. Moore, University of Rhode Island 

 J. Thiede, Oregon State University 

 R. Cline, Columbia University 



T. Webb 



kle, K. Geitzenauer, V. Kolla, G. Kukia, J. Lawrence, Y. H. Li, 

 Streeter, P. Thompson, W. Ruddiman 

 Kellogg, P. Mayewski 



International Corresponding Members 



B. Andersen, Universitetet i Bergen 



A, Berger, Univ. Cath. de Louvain 

 K. Bjorklund, Universitetet i Bergen 



W. Dansgaard, University of Copenhagen 



J. Duplessey, Centre des Faibles Radioactivities 



W. Karlen, Universitetet i Bergen 



H. Lamb, University of East Anglia 



J. Lozano, Universidad Nacional de Columbia 



B. Luz, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 

 M. Sarnthein, Geol. Paleont. Institut 



H. Schrader, Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Kiel 



N. Shackleton, University of Cambridge 



E. Siebold, Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Kiel 



T. Van der Hammen, Universiteit van Amsterdam 



T. Wjimstra. Universiteit van Amsterdam 



CLIMAP is supported by the NSF Office of the IDOE 

 and the NSF Office for Climate Dynamics. Table 9 lists the 

 executive committee, senior scientific investigators, and national 

 and international corresponding members. 



CLIMAP Data 



The following data are available from EDS' National Geo- 

 graphical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center. 



27 



