Table 3. -U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in Pollutant Transfer Program 



Institutions 



Investigators 



Projects 



California Institute of Technology 



University of California, 

 Bodega iVIarine Laboratory 



University of California, 



Scripps Institution of Oceanography 



University of Georgia, 



Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 



Harvard University, 



Bermuda Biological Station, Inc. 



University of Rhode Island 



San Jose State University 



Texas A & IVI University 



Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 



C. C. Patterson 



R. Risebrough 



E. Goldberg 



H. L. Windom 



J. N. Butler and 

 B. F. Morris 



R. A. Duce 



C. E. OIney and 

 T. F. Bidleman 



J. H. Martin 



C. S. Giam 



G. R. Harvey 



Determination of Input and Transport of Pollutant 

 Lead in Marine Environments Using Isotope Tracers 



Fluxes of Organochlorine Pollutant Through the 

 Marine Environment 



Low Temperature Volatilization of Heavy Metals 

 from Crustal Rocks 



The Transfer of Heavy Metals Through the Inner 

 Continental Shelf to the Open Ocean 



Transfer of Petroleum Residues in Sargasum Com- 

 munities and the Water of the Sargasso Sea 



Anomalously Enriched Elements in the Marine At- 

 mosphere: Sources, Distribution, and Fluxes 



Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of High 

 Molecular Weight Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on the 

 Ocean Surface 



Cadmium Transport to the Open Pacific Ocean Via 

 the California Current 



Phthalate and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Transfer 

 Processes in the Marine Environment 



A Detailed Inventory of Concentration-Fluxes of the 

 Major Halogenated Pollutants at 2 Sites in the 

 Northwest Atlantic 



Walsh, P. R., J. L. Fasching, and R. A. Duce. 1976. Losses of 

 arsenic during low temperature ashing of atmospheric 

 particulate samples. Anal. Chem. 48:1012-1014. 



Walsh, P. R., J. L. Fasching, and R. A. Duce. 1976. Matrix 

 effects and their control during the flameless atomic ab- 

 sorption determination of arsenic. Anal. Chem. 48:1014- 

 1016. 



Walsh, P. R., and R. A. Duce. 1976. The solubilization of an- 

 thropogenic atmospheric vanadium in sea water. Geophys. 

 Res. Lett. 3:375-378. 



Biological Effects Program 



Investigators in the Biological Effects Program are con- 

 ducting laboratory studies to evaluate the sublethal, low-level 

 effects of trace metals, petroleum, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 

 and phthalates on the behavior and biochemical processes of 

 individual classes of organisms. The objectives of this program 

 are to determine which species, life cycle stages, and physio- 

 logical processes are most affected by various types of pollu- 

 tants, and at what levels. In addition, the investigators are 

 looking specifically for biological indicators that can be used 



as early warning systems to detect pollutant-induced perturba- 

 tions in the open ocean. The projects in this program are listed 

 in table 4. 



Several pollutants are acutely toxic in the parts-per- 

 million range to bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and 

 higher marine organisms. Generally, heavy metals (mercury 

 and copper) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. PCB-Aroclor 

 1254) are found to be more toxic than petroleum hydrocar- 

 bons. And phthalates, which are more abundant than PCB's 

 or DDT, appear to be less toxic to higher organisms. 



Results of some studies indicate that concentrations of 

 80 ppb Aroclor 1016 and 100 ppb Halowax 1099 were acute- 

 ly toxic to the larvae of the mud crab {Rhithopanopeus har- 

 rissi), while Halowax 1000 at 300 ppb was chronically toxic. 

 Sublethal responses showed developmental abnormalities in- 

 cluding increased development time to megalops, decreased 

 megalops size, and an increased number of zoeal stages. 



In experiments studying the effects of water soluble frac- 

 tions (WSF) of No. 2 fuel oil on crab larvae, it .was found 

 that after 2 days, the survival of stone crab zoea was reduced 

 at a concentration of 4% (6 ppm). Mortality increased with 

 concentration and duration of exposure, and after 3 days, all 

 larvae in a 20% (3 ppm) solution were dead. 



