Table 1. — U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in GEOSECS 



Institutions 



Investigators 



Projects 



University of California, San Diego 

 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 



The City University of New York, 

 Queens College 

 Columbia University,. 

 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory 



University of Hawaii 

 Louisiana State University 



Massachusetts Institute of Technology 



University of Miami, Rosenstiel 



School of Marine and Atmospheric 



Science 



University of South Carolina 



University of Southern California 



University of Washington 



Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 



Yale University 



A. E. Bainbridge, 



H. Craig, and R. Finkel 



M. Hoffert 



W. S. Broecker and 

 P. E. Biscaye 



P. Kroopnick 

 L. M. Chan and 

 J. S. Hanor 

 J. M. Edmond 



H. G. Ostlund 



W. S. Moore 



T. L. Ku 



M. Stuiver 



D. W. Spencer, P. G. 



Brewer and W. J. Jenkins 



K. K. Turekian 



M. E. Fiadeiro 



Operations Group 



SIO Shipboard and Laboratory 



Measurements 



Carbonate Chemistry of Seawater 



The Analysis of GEOSECS Samples Collected in 

 the Indian Ocean for Ra-228, Th-228, and Sus- 

 pended Particulates 

 Interpretation of Carbonate Data 

 Isotopic Measurements 

 Barium Analyses in Ocean Waters 



High-Precision Barium, Copper, Nickel, and 

 Cadmium measurements 

 Radiocarbon and Tritium Measurements 

 Administrative and Logistic Activities 



Measurement of Ra-228 in Seawater 



Radium Analysis 



C-14 Ocean Water Analysis 



Lead, Polonium, Helium, and Neon Analyses 



Water Library 



Lead, Polonium, and Silicon Analyses 



Three-Dimensional Modeling of Tracers in the 



Ocean 



Pollutant Transfer Program (PTP) 



Processes that transport pollutants from land sources to the 

 oceans and accumulate pollutants in discrete parts of the marine 

 environment are being investigated. Objectives of the studies are 

 to: (1) identify important pathways and mechanisms, (2) evalu- 

 ate major environmental factors that influence transfer proc- 

 esses, and (3) develop principles governing the transfer of 

 pollutants. Attention is being focused on several major ocean 

 interfaces: air-sea, sediment-sea, river-sea, and particulate-sea. 

 Tasks in this part of the PTP are listed in table 2. 



Investigations of organic carbon in marine aerosols show that 

 the major mass of the organic carbon is found on particles with 

 radii less than 0.5/xm. The data shown in figure 2 suggest that 

 this distribution is similar over the North and South Pacific and 

 North Atlantic. This small-particle distribution suggests that 

 most of the particulate organic carbon in the marine atmosphere 

 may result from gas-to-particle conversion reactions. 



Studies of arsenic (As) in the marine atmosphere have shown 

 that while an ambient vapor phase of As is only a small fraction 

 of the As present on particles, volatilization processes probably 

 provide the major sources of atmospheric As. However, this 

 vapor phase apparently has a very short residence time in the 

 atmosphere. The major global sources for atmospheric As ap- 

 pear to be volcanism and human sources, particularly smelt- 

 ing, coal combustion, and agricultural pesticide applications. 

 The biosphere may also be a significant global source for 

 atmospheric As. 



An investigation of the global atmospheric cycle of phos- 

 phorus (P) showed that the major source of atmospheric par- 

 ticulate P was crustal weathering; the ocean and human sources 

 accounted for about 10 percent of the weathering source. It is 

 estimated that 10 1 -' g/yr of phosphorus from actual weathering 

 and from human sources is transported annually to the ocean, of 

 which about y 5 is soluble. This soluble P accounts for 1 percent 

 of the estimated marine input of dissolved P into the ocean. 



Investigations of the copper, zinc, and iron concentrations on 

 atmospheric sea salt particles produced artificially in a closed 

 system on Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, indicate that rela- 

 tive to sodium the concentrations of these elements are several 

 hundred times higher on sea salt particles than in the bulk 

 seawater from which they are produced. If these results are also 

 applicable to open-ocean conditions, enrichment of copper and 

 zinc during the production of these particles by bursting bubbles 

 may be a significant source of these elements, which are found 

 in ambient marine aerosols over the world ocean. Crustal weath- 

 ering still appears to be the primary source of iron in the atmos- 

 phere, however. These studies were done using the Bubble 

 Interfacial Microlayer Sampler (BIMS) shown in figure 3. 



Sampling and analytical techniques were developed and re- 

 fined during the past year that enabled successful measurement 

 of cadmium, copper, nickel, manganese, and zinc throughout 

 the water column. Because contamination problems associated 

 with the measurement of zinc are particularly severe, accurate 

 profiles for this element did not exist. Zinc concentrations 

 (10-600 ng/1) are considerably lower than previous estimates 



