Lee, W. Y. 



1977. Some laboratory cultured crustaceans for marine pol- 

 lution studies. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8:258-259. 



Lee, W. Y., and J. A. C. Nicol. 



1977. The effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel 

 oil on the survival and behavior of coastal and oceanic zoo- 

 plankton. Environ. Pollut. 12:279-292. 



Lee, W. Y., M. F. Welch, and J. A. C. Nicol. 



1977. Survival of two species of amphipods in aqueous ex- 

 tracts of petroleum oils. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8:92-94. 



Lucu, C, G. Roesijadi, and J. W. Anderson. 



1977. Sodium kinetics in the shrimp. Palaemonetes pugio. 

 I. Steady-state experiments. J. Comp. Physiol. 115:195-206. 



Neff, J. M., J. W. Anderson, B. A. Cox, R. B. Laughlin, Jr., 

 S. S. Rossi, and H. E. Tatem. 



1976. Effects of petroleum on survival, respiration, and 

 growth of marine animals. In: Proceedings of symposium on 

 sources, effects, and sinks of hydrocarbons in the aquatic 

 environment, p. 515-539. Am. Univ., Wash., D.C. 



Neff, J. M., and C. S. Giam. 



1977. Effects of Aroclor 1016 and Halowax 1099 on juvenile 

 horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. In: F. J. Vernberg, 

 A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurberg, and W. B. Vernberg (editors), 

 Physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants, p. 21- 

 35. N.Y. Acad. Sci., N.Y., N.Y. 



Nicol, J. A. C., W. H. Donahue, R. T. Wang, and K. Winters. 

 1977. Chemical composition and effects of water extracts of 

 petroleum on eggs of the sand dollar Melitta quinquiesper- 

 forata. Mar. Biol. 40:309-316. 



Roesijadi, G., J. W. Anderson, and C. S. Giam. 



1976. Osmoregulation of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes 

 pugio exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). II. 

 Effect on free amino acids of muscle tissue. Mar. Biol. 

 38:357-363. 



Roesijadi, G., J. W. Anderson, S. R. Petrocelli, and C. S. Giam. 



1976. Osmoregulation of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes 

 pugio exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). I. Effect 

 on chloride and osmotic concentrations and chloride-and 

 water-exchange kinetics. Mar. Biol. 38:343-355. 



Singer, S. C, and R. F. Lee. 



1977. Mixed function oxygenase activity in blue crab, 

 Callinectes sapidus: tissue distribution and correlation with 

 changes during molting and development. Biol. Bull. 

 153:377-386. 



Winters, K., J. C. Batterton, and C. Van Baalen. 



1977. Phenalen-1-one: Occurrence in a fuel and toxicity to 

 microalgae. Environ. Sci. Tech. 11:270-272. 



Pollutant Responses in Marine Animals (PRIMA) 



Pollutant Responses in Marine Animals (PRIMA) was initi- 

 ated in March 1978 in the Environmental Quality Program. It 

 coordinates several of the previous Biological Effects Program 

 efforts with new projects and focuses on the development and 

 evaluation of a set of physiological, biochemical, and morpho- 

 logical criteria that can be used to assess the health of marine 

 animals. Specifically, it will determine how standardized con- 



centrations of a limited number of model pollutants affect spe- 

 cific marine organisms. The test chemicals (benzopyrene, benz- 

 anthracene, fluoranthene, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachloro- 

 phenol) are representatives of important classes of chemicals 

 known to be components of widely distributed marine pollut- 

 ants. The test animals (blue crab, clam worm, soft-shell clam, 

 hard-shell clam, atlantic oyster, and the winter flounder and 

 mummichog) include representatives from four phyla. The in- 

 vestigators will focus on biochemical, physiological, and morph- 

 ological changes that can be detected at the tissue, cellular, and 

 subcellular level. Each of the morphological, physiological, and 

 biochemical parameters should provide an indication of the 

 health of an organism in terms of specific responses to toxic 

 compounds. They should also provide information on the inter- 

 action of these different parameters. 



The results of this project will establish biological indicators 

 that can provide an early warning of pollutant stress in the 

 marine environment. This advanced knowledge should make it 

 possible to take corrective action before significant damage is 

 done to marine benthic populations. 



Controlled Ecosystem Pollution Experiment 

 (CEPEX) 



CEPEX is an international, cooperative, field research project 

 designed to test the effects of chemical (pollutants) and physical 

 variables on the structure of pelagic marine communities and 

 the interactions between the various organisms. For this purpose 

 large plastic enclosures (1,300 m 3 volume) are filled so that 

 replicate intact water columns and their included populations 

 are captured. Each enclosure is manipulated according to a 

 specific experimental design, and the same populations are re- 

 visited for up to 90 days to determine shifts in population struc- 

 ture. The field site is located in Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island, 

 British Columbia. Table 4 lists the individual CEPEX projects. 



During the 1977 field season, separate experiments measured 

 the effect and chemical/biological transfer of mercury and a 

 mixture of elements on and within pelagic populations. These 

 results, and those from similar work in previous years, allow 

 formulation of several generalizations and hypotheses. For ex- 

 ample, all pollutants tested to date have had the same general 

 effect on the populations studied. Despite massive mortality, 

 organisms from microbes to zooplankton recovered at the con- 

 centration of pollutants tested, because mortality, although 

 exceeding 50 percent, never reached 100 percent. Although 

 bacteria were affected first, their rapid generation time (hours), 

 the different makeup of numerous strains, and their ability to 

 mutate allowed for a rapid recovery of heterotrophic activity. 

 Zooplankton with relatively few species, numbers of individuals, 

 and longer generation times (weeks to months) recovered most 

 slowly. Phytoplankton with intermediate characteristics were 

 intermediate in their recovery rates. Although there was no ob- 

 served mortality of fish, metal concentrations in their tissues 

 were greatly elevated and growth rates were reduced. If such 

 effects on fish are cumulative, their recovery would have been 

 less likely in experiments of longer duration. 



In terms of population structure, short-term pollution effects 

 differ from intermediate (and possibly long-term) effects. For 

 example, earlier experiments (over 20 days) suggested that large 

 centric diatoms were severely impacted. Longer term (90-day) 



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