Table 14. — U.S. institutions, investigators, and projects in MANOP 



Institutions 



Investigators 



Projects 



University of California, San Diego, 

 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 



University of Rhode Island 

 Graduate School of Oceanography 



R. Weiss 



W. Berger, M. Kastner, 

 and J. M. Gieskes 

 J. Greenslate 



J. Macdougall 



F. Spiess and 

 P. Lonsdale 

 M.. Bender 



G. R. Heath 



Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty P. Biscaye 



Geological Observatory 



W. Broecker 

 Massachusetts Institute of Technology R. Burns 



J. Edmond 



Oregon State University, 

 School of Oceanograhpy 

 University of Southern California 



University of South Carolina 

 University of Washington 



University of Wisconsin 



J. Dymond 

 T. Ku 

 W. Moore 



S. Emerson 

 J. Murray 

 C. Bowser 



Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution P. Brewer 



Bottom Ocean Monitor 



Particle Flux to the Sea Floor Interstitial Water 

 Studies by an In Situ Probe 



The Fractionation of Elements Between Various 

 Sediment Components 

 Manganese Nodule Growth Rates 

 Fine Scale Patterns of Manganese Nodule Distri- 

 bution 



Trace Metals and Nutrient Geochemistry in Pore 

 Waters and Bottom Waters 

 Program Administration 



Studies of Processes Controlling the Composition 

 and Distribution of Deep-Sea Ferromanganese 

 Nodules, 'Labile' and 'Fixed' Transition Metals in 

 Near Surface Sediments 



Long Term Observations of Manganese Nodule 

 Environments 



Bottom Chamber and Benthic Flux Experiments 

 Mineralogical Changes in Manganese Nodules 

 Under Hydrostatic Pressures on the Sea Floor 

 Measurements of Dissolved Trace Metals and 

 Other Species in the Water Column over the Proj- 

 ect Site 

 Particulate Flux to the Sea Floor 



Radiometric Dating of Manganese Nodules' Adja- 

 cent Sediment 



Radiochemical Studies of Manganese Nodule 

 Deposition Processes 



Diagenesis and Diffusion in Interstitial Waters 

 An In Situ Adsorption Experiment 

 Continuing Studies in Role of Early Sedimentary 

 Diagenesis in Formation of Marine Manganese 

 Nodules 



Investigation of Metal Ion Uptake on Manganese 

 Nodule Surfaces in Deep Ocean 



to kill manganese-fixing bacteria (fig. 41). Related experiments 

 will involve the addition of trace amounts of dissolved metals 

 to treated and untreated enclosures to determine the rates of 

 metal uptake by nodules and sediments with and without bac- 

 terial activity. Similarly, adding bacteria that are antibiotic- 

 resistant and manganese-fixing to a treated enclosure will help 

 establish the relative roles of organic and inorganic reactions in 

 the growth of nodules. 



A closely related series of experiments center on the exposure 

 of well-characterized natural and artificial iron and manganese 

 oxyhydroxides to bottom waters for weeks to years. These expe- 

 riments will establish the patterns and rates of metal uptake or 

 release by the various mineral phases, as well as the nature of 

 any mineralogic changes that result from the low temperatures 

 and high pressures at the sea floor. 



A design review of the instrument has been completed and 

 approved for development. It is estimated that construction and 

 testing of the Lander will be completed in mid- 1979. 



During 1977, detailed surveys of future Bottom Lander sites 

 were made using the Deep-Tow system of the Scripps Institution 

 of Oceanography. (See fig. 42.) The sites, at the crest of the East 

 Pacific Rise and in the Guatemala Basin, will be used for experi- 

 ments to assess the influence of hydrothermal input and dia- 

 genetic remobilization on transition metal fluxes. The 1977 sur- 

 veys provide the detailed topographic and sediment-distribution 

 information needed to site the Lander deployments and asso- 

 ciated sediment sampling. They also mark the start of the in situ 

 mineral exposure experiments (samples will be recalled on long- 

 lived acoustic transponders in about 5 years). Sediment cores 

 collected during the 1977 cruise are being studied intensively by 



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