of the oceans at all depths as a key to understanding ocean 

 circulations and mixing processes. Projects in this program thus 

 far have been: Baseline Studies, carried out in 1971-1972; Geo- 

 chemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS). begun in 1971; 

 Transfer Processes, begun in 1972: and Biological Effects (in- 

 cluding the Gontrolled Ecosystems Pollution Experiment, GEPEX), 

 initiated in 1973. A description of each of these projects is given 

 in Appendix 2. 



The Environniental Forccas'iufi Prix^rayn aims at developing im- 

 proved physical and mathematical models of the oceans and 

 atmosphere, with emphasis on the interactions between the two 

 and between the upper and lower regions of the ocean. Studies 

 under way are the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE), 

 begun in 1971, and its successor POLYMODE, begun in 1973, 

 which are concerned with mesoscalc eddies in the deep ocean; 

 the North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX), ta"ken on as an 

 IDOE project in 1972 and concerned with ocean-atmosphere 

 coupling over the North Pacific and its impact on the weather 

 and climate of North and South America: Glimate: Long-range 

 Investigations, Mapping and Prediction (GLIMAP), begun in 

 1971 and concerned with reconstruction of past climates from 

 oceanic data; International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS), 

 begun in 1974 and concerned with the dynamics of the Southern 

 Ocean. MODE, POLYMODE and NORPAX are funded jointly 

 with the Oflice of Naval Research. 



The Seabed Assessment Prooram is directed toward providing 

 information which will lead to better management of seabed 

 resource exploration and exploitation. It features surveys of the 

 less known continental margins and studies of geological processes 

 along the continental margins and mid-ocean ridges and in the 

 deep ocean basins. Projects included in this program are: South 

 Atlantic Margins, begun in 1971 to study the continental margins 

 of western Africa and eastern South America; Metallogenesis and 

 Plate Tectonics, begun in 1971 and centering on studies of the 

 Mid-Atlantic Ridge (including the French-American Mid-Ocean 

 Undersea Study, FAMOUS) and the Nazca Plate in the eastern 

 South Pacific; Manganese Nodules, begun in 1972 and concerned 

 with the global distribution of this resource. 



Tlie Livi?i^ Resources Program is aimed at understanding the 

 processes affecting the abundance of marine life. It is the newest 

 of the IDOE programs, having begun in 1972, and contains two 

 projects — C'oastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (GUEA), which 

 started in 1972 and is concerned with physical and biological 

 aspects of regions of coastal upwelling, and the Seagrass Eco- 



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