dynamics of our total global environment. One example is the coastal 

 upwelling work and the opportunity it has provided for physical and 

 biological oceanographers to work together. 



The IDOE has also liad a substantial influence on international 

 cooperation in oceanic research. What started out as an essentially uni- 

 lateral effort with international aspirations now shows many examples of 

 international collaboration. The growth of MODE, a U.S. program with 

 some British participation, into POLYMODE, a joint effort of the United 

 States and the U.S.S.R., is one example. FAMOUS, which utilized one 

 American and two French submersibles in a joint study of the active 

 central rift of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, is another. A third is the series 

 of international workshops which have involved scientists and economists 

 from many countries in such areas as the geology of the Caribbean; 

 metallogenesis, hydrocarbons and tectonic patterns in Southeast Asia; and 

 the FA Nino phenomenon along the western coast of South America. A 

 fourth is the degree of coordination that has existed between IDOE's 

 Seabed Assessment program and the International Geodynamics Project. 

 While considerably more international participation is desirable, fhe IDOE 

 program has already generated much that did not previously exist. 



Program Emphasis 



Thus far, the Environmental Quality and Environmental Forecasting 

 programs have had the greatest emphasis, receiving the largest share of 

 the funds. 



Because there are insufficient specific economic incentives or scientific 

 resources in industry to permit the large investments required to provide 

 the scientific basis for improved environmental forecasting, it falls to 

 government to support research on this problem. This same assessment 

 applies to the need for scientific data in the development of policies and 

 programs designed to preserve and protect the marine environment, 

 particularly the deep ocean. 



In addition, the IDOE staff found that the problems involved in 

 environmental quality and en\'ironmental forecasting were scientifically 

 and technologically ready to benefit from infusions of large amoimts of 

 money. There has been a recognized scientific leadership concerned with 

 the design and logical progression of the large-scale field experiments 

 that are needed to improxe the scientific understanding of our environ- 

 ment. 



While the same reasoning applies to studies of metallogenesis, a 

 different situation exists with respect to petroleum and minerals from 

 the sea. Here there are private interests with })o\verful economic incentives 

 to seek these resources on their own initiative. Moreover, we have some 

 pretty good ideas about where reserves exist to meet our immediate needs. 

 The problems are the persistent ones — international ])olitics, economics, 



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