on by scientists all over the world funded by their own nations. FAMOUS 

 was a bilateral French-American effort; however each country carried 

 out its own portion of the field work and data analysis separately. New 

 Zealand and West Germany, between them, have provided more than 

 half the ship time for the Manganese Nodules project. In the forth- 

 coming study of metallogenesis in Southeast Asia, the local nations will 

 be responsible for a significant portion of the land and coastal water 

 aspects, while the United States does the deep sea work. 



Tables 2 and 3 summarize the status of international participation 

 in IDOE projects of the U.S. and other nations, as of 1974. 



In addition to the U.S. projects described above, ' the IDOE has 

 sponsored international workshops concerned \vith metallogenesis in South- 

 east Asia, geology and geophysics of the Caribbean, and physical and 

 biological aspects of El Nino, as precursors to the development of truly 

 international projects in these areas. 



Several factors contributed to the slow growth, initially, of inter- 

 national participation in the IDOE. One is that the IDOE concept 

 originated in the United States, and U.S. scientists were ready to get 

 started as soon as funds were available; there was a time lag before 

 other nations reached a corresponding state of readiness. Even so, during 

 the first year or two, while the ''direction of the U.S. program was 

 unsettled, it was unclear to other nations (and to many American scien- 

 tists as well) just what was there for them to participate in. As the 

 nature of the program became clear, other nations began to participate 

 in ongoing projects on an individual scientist basis while- seeking to 

 generate willingness to provide fimds on the part of their own gov- 

 ernments. 



A second factor contributing to the slow start of international colla- 

 boration was the tendency for U.S. scientists to do all of the planning 

 themselves, and to keep the most essential elements of a project under 

 their own control. Other nations were welcome to carry on parallel 

 studies that added to the overall value of the project. This attitude has 

 gradually changed, and today other nations contribute equally with the 

 United States from the outset in planning new projects. 



A third contributing factor has been the relatively low funding 

 level of the U.S. program, and the fact that it was viewed primarily 

 as a U.S. scientific effort, not a foreign aid program. This meant that 

 the IDOE could not become truly international with U.S. funds alone, 

 but required funding on a comparable level from other governments. 

 This is now beginning to take place at an increasing pace. 



Program Management 



Generally speaking, the prime criteria by which a potential IDOE 

 project is judged appear to be : 



39 



