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Institutes of which 6 deal with the oceans. These Joint 

 Institutes combine the resources of NOAA's eleven Environmental 

 Research Laboratories with selected universities. The intent of 

 the Joint Institutes is to form centers of excellence in 

 specialized fields. Joint Institutes are a mechanism for 

 technology development and technology transfer to the private 

 sector. The ocean-related Joint Institutes are: the Cooperative 

 Institute for Arctic Research (CIFAR) with the University of 

 Alaska -Fairbanks; the Cooperative Institute for Marine and 

 Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) with the University of Miami's 

 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences; the Joint 

 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research (JIMAR) with the 

 University of Hawaii; the Joint Institute for Study of the 

 Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) with the University of Washington; 

 the Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program (AOSP) with 

 Princeton University; and the Cooperative Institute for Marine 

 Resources Studies (CIMRS) with Oregon State University. 



NOAA COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 



Now I would like to focus on NOAA's cooperation with the 

 Department of Defense (DoD) . NOAA's predecessors, the U.S. 

 Weather Bureau and the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, were 

 associated with the armed forces in meteorological services and 

 nautical charting almost from the start of the country. 

 Cooperation to carry out these functions continues today. In 

 addition, since the end of the Cold War, opportunities 

 have arisen for the civil use of defense and intelligence 

 systems, and for the civil use of environmental data acquired for 

 defense purposes. In general, these systems and data sets are 

 unique, because the civilian agencies could never hope to 

 duplicate them on their own. NOAA has been one of the most pro- 

 active agencies in seeking opportunities for civilian access to 

 defense systems and data. But resource incommensurability has 

 inhibited progress. 



lUSS 



Following the Cold War, the U.S. Navy sought to restructure its 

 strategic anti-submarine warfare system - the Integrated Undersea 

 Surveillance System (lUSS) . This restructuring was driven by the 

 relative decline in the "blue water" suomarine threat and the 

 increase in the coastal "brown water" submarine threat. The 

 oldest component of the lUSS is the Sound Surveillance System 

 (SOSUS) , which is a network of fixed, passive-listening 

 hydrophones that are most effective in the "blue water" arena. 

 Navy has deactivated serveral SOSIS arrays Some scientists 

 without security clearances are aware of the capability of the 

 SOSUS arrays to monitor whale vocalizations, to detect natural 

 underwater seismic noises, to assist in fisheries enforcement in 

 international waters, and to conduct long-path ocean temperature 



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