113 



Mr. Weldon. Thank you, Admiral Gafftiey. 

 Dr. Frosch? 



STATEMENT OF DR. ROBERT A. FROSCH, CENTER FOR 

 SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, JOHN F. KENNEDY 

 SCHOOL, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



Dr. Frosch. Thank you, chairmen, and members of the commit- 

 tees. 



I think I am here today because I have had a rather curious per- 

 sonal career, in the course of which I have looked at ocean and re- 

 search and development and technology issues from an unusually 



ant secretary of the Navy for research and development, as assist- 

 ant executive director of the UN environment program, as adminis- 

 trator of NASA, and for 11 years as the vice president of General 

 Motors in charge of research laboratories, I have seen this kind of 

 thing from a variety of angles. 



And though I appear today as an individual, I'd like to say a few 

 things that come to me because I have seen it from so many singles. 



As others have said quite eloquently this morning, the planet is 

 dominated by its oceans and an ability to understand how they op- 

 erate to develop technology to work in and with them, and to apply 

 both the understanding and the technolog>% is of importance clearly 

 for national security purposes, for economic purposes, and for the 

 way in which we live around the edge of the oceans. 



Nearly half our states are salt water states and most of our peo- 

 ple actually live close to the ocean, and large parts of our econom- 

 ics and commerce are connected with the oceans. 



The oceans are im.portant in our understanding of climate and in 

 the generation of climate and weather. 



So understanding them and knowing how to use them and work 

 in them can be a major asset to U.S. living from all points of view. 



We frequently hear the term, dual-use technology. Is there dual- 

 use technology? Can technology be used for more than one purpose? 



My view, after looking at it for a long time, is that I don't know 

 of any single-use knowledge or single-use technology. It always 

 seems to be the case that knowledge and technology, if it is deep 

 knowledge and fundamental understanding of how to do things, is 

 usable for all the purposes that interest us. And you have certainly 

 heard some examples this morning of the use of knowledge and 

 technology developed for naval purposes, for civil purposes, and the 

 same is true in the other direction. 



While there is plenty of cooperation among agencies and between 

 agencies and academia, perhaps the weakest part of cooperation 

 over the years has been the link between current and potential 

 ocean businesses and the well-coordinated or relatively well-coordi- 

 nated attempts to link ocean-related federal agencies and academic 

 institutions. 



The Sea Grant Program has over the years done a good deal to 

 try to link what we learn about the oceans with businesses that 

 might use it. But there are difficulties in doing so which we will 

 need to think about. 



