477 



HUMAN, PHYSICAL, AND FISCAL RESOURCES 139 



TABLE 4-4 Support of Ocean Science Faculty at Academic 

 Institutions 



NOTE: n = the number of institutions responding. It is assumed that each insti- 

 tutional response is the average of that institution's professionals. 



constant 45 percent of NSF ocean science research funding be- 

 tween 1984 and 1989. JOI institutions received about 40 percent 

 of ONR funding {SE31 and SE32). 



How are research oceanographers supported! What is the ra- 

 tio of institutional to federal salary support for the oceanography 

 community as a wholel Oceanographers' salaries come primarily 

 from grants and contracts. Academics from JOI institutions must 

 raise a significantly greater proportion of their funding from ex- 

 ternal sources than other academics. The OSB survey shows that 

 most of the oceanographic community, especially JOI schools, de- 

 pends on noninstitutional research support (Table 4-4). 



PHYSICAL RESOURCES 



The wide variety of facilities used in institutions and consortia 

 for ocean science — ships, submersibles, satellites, special platforms, 

 and laboratories — depends on continual renewal to meet present 

 and future needs. Global change research has given new impetus 

 to satellite data systems and large-scale at-sea programs. Although 

 oceanographers learned to use satellite data in the past decade, 

 incorporating the increasing stream of data from new satellites 

 and platforms will be a technological and managerial challenge. 



Oceanographic Institutions 



From its beginning, a mix of government, university, and pri- 

 vate laboratories has conducted oceanographic research. The his- 



