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140 OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE NEXT DECADE 



tory of our ocean science institutions is characterized by three 

 phases. Civilian marine science began in the late 1800s with the 

 establishment of several marine biological laboratories concerned 

 principally with coastal problems. The California Academy of 

 Sciences (1853), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Biological Laboratory 

 at Woods Hole (1885), Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford Uni- 

 versity (1892), and the Hydrobiological Laboratory of the Univer- 

 sity of Wisconsin (1896) were notable among the early laborato- 

 ries. 



Between the turn of the century and the end of World War II, 

 both the number of ocean science laboratories and the disciplin- 

 ary range of their activities grew. During this period, Scripps 

 Institution of Oceanography (1903), Friday Harbor Laboratories of 

 the University of Washington (1904), Woods Hole Oceanographic 

 Institution (1930), Narragansett Laboratory of the University of 

 Rhode Island (1930), Bingham Oceanographic Foundation of the 

 University of Southern California (1940), the Virginia Institute of 

 Marine Science (1941), and the University of Miami Marine Labo- 

 ratory (1943) were established. Several of these laboratories con- 

 tinued the thrust of activity in coastal marine biology, and many 

 expanded into physical, chemical, and geological oceanography 

 and increasingly carried out research in the open ocean. 



World War II was a major turning point in oceanography. Re- 

 search on ocean processes begun during the war continued after- 

 wards as basic research programs supported by the newly created 

 Office of Naval Research. Additional ships were added to the 

 oceanographic fleet, and support for both research and ship opera- 

 tions was readily available. Under the Navy's leadership during 

 the postwar period, growth in the number of ocean institutions 

 and their scope of research accelerated. Thus from the late 1940s 

 to the early 1950s, several laboratories, most of which would eventually 

 engage in deep-ocean research, were established or expanded. Among 

 the new institutions were the Chesapeake Bay Institution of the 

 Johns Hopkins University (1948), Florida State University Oceano- 

 graphic Institute (1949), the Department of Oceanography of Texas 

 A8kM. University (1949), the University of Delaware Marine Labo- 

 ratories (1951), the Department of Oceanography of the Univer- 

 sity of Washington (1951); the Department of Oceanography of 

 Oregon State University (1958), and the University of Hawaii In- 

 stitute of Geophysics (1959). 



In the early years of marine science, there were no formal 

 mechanisms for coordinating institutions' activities. The Joint 

 Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), an 



