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HUMAN, PHYSICAL. AND FISCAL RESOURCES 141 



international advisory committee, was established in the late 1960s 

 to provide formal advice to the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). 

 JOIDES was a major initiative by the oceanographic community 

 to develop a mechanism for international cooperative activities. 

 Evolving from JOIDES was JOI, a formal not-for-profit corpora- 

 tion. JOI consists of 10 U.S. ocean science institutions that oper- 

 ate many of the large ships in the oceanographic fleet, employ a 

 majority of U.S. academic ocean scientists, and receive a majority 

 of the research funding. The JOI institutions are 



Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California 

 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University 

 School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Univer- 

 sity of Hawaii 

 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Uni- 

 versity of Miami 

 College of Oceanography, Oregon State University 

 Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island 

 College of Geosciences and Maritime Studies, Texas A&.M 



University 

 Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas 

 College of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, University of Wash- 

 ington 

 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 



With the exception of Woods Hole, which has a joint education 

 program with the Massachusetts Institution of Technology (MIT), 

 each oceanographic program is an integral part of a major univer- 

 sity. 



Another cooperative organization of oceanographic institutions 

 is the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 

 an association of ship operators and ship users that is discussed in 

 more detail below. Because UNOLS provides access to facilities 

 for scientists at institutions without ships, an increased number 

 of universities can be involved in open ocean research. These 

 universities may not have interests in all facets of oceanography, 

 but they have significant strengths in certain areas. Examples of 

 such universities are the Santa Cruz and Santa Barbara campuses 

 of the University of California, Northwestern University, Massa- 

 chusetts Institute of Technology, and Princeton University. 



The institutions developed within and outside the government 

 for the pursuit of an understanding of the ocean are diverse, much 

 more so than in most other scientific fields. Oceanography is 

 conducted by individuals working as faculty members in conven- 



