Table of Contents 



IVo 





9o 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. Introduction 1 



The Heat Budget of the Earth 1 



Black-Body Radiation 1 



Selective Radiation and Absorption. . 2 



Radiation from the Sun 3 



Long-Wave Radiation to Space 4 



The Heat Budget of the Atmosphere 4 



The Atmosphere as a Thermodynamic Machine 6 



The Oceans as Part of the Subsurface of the Atmosphere .... 7 



11. Physical Properties of Sea Water. 8 



Salinity, Temperature, and Pressure 8 



Salinity 8 



Temperature 10 



Pressure 10 



Density of Sea Water 10 



Computation of Density and Specific Volume in Situ 12 



Thermal Properties of Sea Water 12 



Thermal Expansion 12 



Thermal Conductivity 13 



Specific Heat 13 



Latent Heat of Evaporation 13 



Adiabatic Temperature Changes in the Sea 14 



Freezing-Point Depression and Vapor-Pressure Lowering .... 14 



Other Properties of Sea Water 15 



Maximum Density 15 



Compressibility 15 



Viscosity 15 



Diffusion 16 



Surface Tension 16 



Refractive Index 17 



Electric Conductivity 17 



Eddy Viscosity, Conductivity, and Diffusivity 17 



General Character of Eddy Coefficients 17 



Influence of Stability on Turbulence 20 



Numerical Values of the Vertical and Horizontal Eddy Viscosity 



and Eddy Conductivity 22 



Absorption of Radiation 26 



Absorption Coefficients of Distilled Water and of Pure Sea 



Water 26 



Extinction Coefficients in the Sea 27 



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