INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE OCEANS 229 



have to be given off to the atmosphere — that is, in every locaUty one 

 would have Qr = Qa- In the presence of currents this relation is valid 



Fig, 64. Total amount of energy given off in summer from the North Pacific and 

 North Atlantic Oceans (gram calories per square centimeter per day). 



Fig. 65. Total amount of energy given off in winter from the North Pacific and 

 North Atlantic Oceans (gram calories per square centimeter per day). Location of 

 polar and arctic fronts is indicated. 



Fig. 66. Net annual surplus of radiation penetrating the water surface (gram 

 calories per square centimeter per day). 



for the oceans as a whole, but for any given locality 



Qv = Qr- Qa. 



Here Qv represents the total surplus energy received by every square 

 centimeter of the surface, taking the exchange of energy with the atmos- 



