or windward side of the ship and caused pro- 

 blems with any gear over the side. Possibly the 

 ice conditions which were most hazardous to 

 oceanographic equipment were in open pack 

 ice where the ice and the ship were free to 

 drift independently. Under these conditions it 

 was impossible to predict when floes would 

 drift in and tangle or break the oceanographic 

 cable. The best solution was to try to find open 

 areas where the ship could drift free of ice 

 long enough to complete a cast, then reposi- 

 tion the ship before starting another cast. Late 

 in the survey, a 10' by 10' coffer dam was built 

 of ten inch square timbers. It was floated un- 

 derneath the platform and the casts were low- 

 ered through it. It was initially designed to 

 keep brash ice (up to the size that might trip 

 a Nansen bottle) away from the cable. On 

 occasion, however, it kept out rather large 

 floes under considerable pressure. 



In the cases where the ship's movement in- 

 to an area might have disturbed the surface 

 water measurements, observations of other 

 than surface phenomena were made first so 



that surface conditions could return to more 

 nearly normal before measurement. 



Although station plans were constantly 

 changing owing to a number of circumstances, 

 there were generally two station types: a 

 somewhat abbreviated station taken near local 

 apparent noon, and a more complete or major 

 station taken at night. The local apparent noon 

 station usually consisted of a secchi disc ob- 

 servation, submarine photometer observations, 

 a combined vertical zoo-phytoplankton tow, 

 water sampling from six levels (using "Van 

 Dorn" sampling bottles), and a Nansen bottle 

 cast to 1000 meters. The major station, oc- 

 cupied at night to make optimum use of the 

 dark hours when the ship's progress would be 

 slowed or stopped, usually consisted of two 

 overlapping Nansen cast (one from surface to 

 about 1000 meters, and the other from about 

 1000 meters to the bottom), a cast to obtain 

 samples for chlorophyll analysis, a vertical 

 plankton tow, an STD cast, and either bottom 

 cores or photography. In addition to the two 

 main types of stations, a trawl or dredge sta- 

 tion was occupied when ice conditions allowed. 



Data Acquisition And Initial Analysis Methods 



Nansen Casts 



Teflon-lined Nansen bottles were used 

 throughout the cruise. All bottles were equip- 

 ped with two protected reversing thermome- 

 ters and at approximately alternate depths be- 

 low 200 meters with unprotected thermome- 

 ters. Nominal sampling depths were 0, 10, 25, 

 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 

 800, 1000, 1250 and 1500 meters and at 300 

 meter intervals below that. Several bottles were 

 placed at 25 meter intervals near the bottom 

 to determine whether any changes in the water 

 structure might occur at that level. These 

 depths were frequently modified to provide 

 more optimum sampling. Two overlapping 

 Nansen casts were generally required to obtain 

 samples from the surface to the bottom. The 

 shallower cast was generally from to 1000 

 meters and the deeper cast from 1000 meters 

 to the bottom. A pinger was used to aid in 

 sampling near the bottom. In the cases where 

 the ship was firmly held by the ice, a zero 



wire angle was generally obtained which made 

 it possible to obtain samples within a few 

 meters of the bottom. 



Temperature Data 



Standard analysis procedures for correcting 

 thermometers and determining thermometric 

 and accepted depths were used. Use of the 

 shipboard computer made quick, accurate data 

 analysis possible and thus allowed prompt 

 response to any conditions that might indicate 

 that a change in sampling procedure was de- 

 sirable. 



Salinity Determination 



Salinity was determined using an inductive 

 type salinometer. Final calculations of salinity 

 were made by computer. Shipboard quality 

 control of salinity and temperature data in- 

 cluded examination of T-S plots for distribu- 

 tion of stability and agreement with historical 

 norms. 



