SlMMARV 



industries, desirable for the mining industry, 

 and indispensable to the oceanographic scientists 

 themselves. The oil industry has traditionally 

 supplied its own oceanography. 



The new capabilities and systems to be pur- 

 chased during this decade include 85 to 97 new 

 research and survey ships (about 52 will be addi- 

 tions to the fleet, and the remainder replacements 

 for vessels now in operation) six to eight sub- 

 mersibles for the exploration of depths from a few 

 to 18,000 feet, and one designed for 36,000 

 feet; approximately 12 new major government 

 CKeanographic laboratories or facilities, plus 

 underwater experimental installations for mining 

 on the continental shelves. 



Possibilities which may be added to these in- 

 clude: 



An operational oceanographic forecasting 

 system for general use; 



Automatic recording and telemetering buoys 

 for ocean surveys; 



Additional meso- and bathyscaphs; 



Operational fish farms; and 



Radically new fishing vessel designs and 

 equipment. 



Based on the current manpower projection, 

 the ten-year comparison in capabilities and 

 systems is planned to appear as follows: 



1963 1972 



Ships 76 128 



Major Laboratories over 50 over 70 



Professional Manpower 2700 over 6000 



The extensive ocean survey program on which 

 the United States has embarked can be enhanced 

 by international cooperation. The Intergovern- 

 mental Oceanographic C^ommission (IOC) of 

 UNESCO is undertaking to organize this coop- 

 eration, as it has the International Indian Ocean 

 Expedition and the Tropical Atlantic Investiga- 

 tions, both of which the United States supports. 

 Even the five largest oceanographic nations — the 

 U.S., the USSR, Japan, the United Kingdom, 

 and Canada — cannot support individual efforts 

 capable of meeting all their own needs and will 

 find it advantageous to pool their efforts with 

 each other and the 39 smaller members of the 

 IOC for many desirable programs. 



The United States organization for coordi- 

 nating federal efforts in oceanography, the In- 

 teragency Committee on Oceanography of the 

 Federal Council for Science and Technology, 

 needs strengthening to meet its growing obliga- 

 tions. It should add a small full-time analytical 

 staff to its present Secretariat, and funds should 

 be provided for studies, where necessary, to draw 

 on competence outside the Federal Government. 

 Otherwise, many of the approximations and value 

 judgments which, with time and effort, might 

 have been made more exact and objective in this 

 plan will remain to hamper future planning, and 

 the consequences for the planned program of un- 

 expected setbacks and unforeseen opportunities 

 which will inevitably occur in the future may not 

 be seen quickly and clearly enough to permit an 

 optimal accommodation. 



