10 



OcEANoCRAPHV — The Ten Years Ahead 



environmental constraints as torpedoes, missiles, 

 and bombs have to push their way long distances 

 at high speeds through the water or penetrate the 

 interface between the sea and air without undue 

 ir.terference from waves, to find their optimal 

 depth for detonation. 



"Habitability" in the deep sea environment into 

 which future submarines are expected to penetrate 

 must be studied before the various compromises 

 between size, structural strength, performance, 

 and expense can be made intelligently. The abil- 

 ity of divers to work underwater with varying 

 degrees of mechanical assistance is also of inter- 

 est. The Bureau of Weapons and the Bureau of 

 Medicine have important oceanographic programs 

 in these areas. 



The Navy's concern with these and many other 

 facets of the ocean environment is reflected within 

 its oceanographic budget. In Fiscal Year 1963, the 

 Navy eff^ort accounts for about 44 percent of the 

 federal funding — $57 million of a total of $123 

 million. In addition to this work, the results of 

 which may be applicable to many nonmilitary 

 problems, the Navy allocates a substantial addi- 

 tional amount ($26 million in FY 1963) to projects 

 which are classified or which are of a more direct 

 and unique military nature. These latter projects 

 are not included within the scope of the program 

 embraced by this report but are detailed in 

 TENOC — the Navy's comprehensive Ten- Year 

 Plan in Oceanography. 



Over the ten-year (1963-1972) period of this 

 long-range plan, the Navy total is expected to be 

 about $835 million, about 36 percent of the whole. 

 Military oceanography not included in the plan 

 amounts to $480 million additional. 



These fiscal requirements would be greater 

 still if interagency cooperation did not exist to 

 make available to the Navy, information about 

 planning of research on biological phenomenon 

 by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the 

 Smithsonian Institution, and on the characteris- 

 tics of the ocean bottom of importance to ASW, 

 Mine, and Amphibious Warfare, by the Coast and 

 Geodetic Survey and the Geological Survey. The 

 Army Corps of Engineers also contributes much 

 information on harbor and channel regions in 

 support of navigation and Mine Warfare opera- 

 tions, and the Atomic Energy Commission coop- 

 erates with all three services in atomic tests where 

 underwater sound propagation, wave propaga- 



tion, shock effects, contaminant dispersal, and 

 cratering can all be studied. 



It is implicit that while various agencies con- 

 tribute to defense oceanography the converse also 

 occurs. As we have already seen, this is particu- 

 larly true of programs sponsored by the Office of 

 Naval Research. It is also true of the work of the 

 Oceanographic Office. Nearly one-third of the 

 Navy's oceanographic budget is devoted to sup- 

 porting research in universities and private 

 laboratories. Thus, the Navy's support of basic 

 and applied research, amounting to about 22 

 percent of the entire national oceanographic bud- 

 get in 1963 and nearly 20 percent over the coming 

 decade, does a very important double duty. It 

 supports the national defense eff^ort, but simultan- 

 eously it strengthens basic science upon which 

 progress in oceanography so greatly depends. 



Earlier, it was noted that the Navy's primary 

 motivation for oceanography was related to its 

 position as a member of the defense team of our 

 Nation, and within this team, to maintain the 

 freedom of the seas. As the remainder of the 

 National Plan and its goals are described, it 

 would be well to remember that the pursuit of 

 oceanography toward each of these other goals 

 is dependent on this freedom of the seas which 

 the Navy provides, and which the Navy's oceano-/ 

 graphic program sustains. 



C. Managing Resources in the World Ocean 



The tyranny of nature is still the tyranny of 

 most consequence to people throughout much of 

 the world, and for these people the freedom of 

 greatest immediate interest is the freedom from 

 want. The two aspects of freedom, freedom from 

 the tyranny of nature and freedom from the tyr- 

 anny of thoughtless or malevolent men, meet in 

 the world's oceans where the largely unregulated 

 activities of men promise increasingly to create 

 problems of world health, of the safety of opera- 

 tions, and of the ownership and use of important 

 resources one of which, food, could relieve the 

 cruel grip of hunger now confronting so many of 

 the world's people. 



Estimates of this potential are easy to arrive at 

 but difficult to justify. The present world fish catch 

 is estimated at about 40 million metric tons, or a 

 bit over 88 billion pounds. World protein con- 

 sumption now totals something like 400 million 

 metric tons, so that if everyone's diet were the 



