26 



Oceanography — The Ten Years Ahead 



AEC, HEW, Treasury, Smithsonian Institution). It 

 is also possible, of course, to classify the program 

 in yet a fourth way — by major scientific discipline 

 involved. 



It is probably apparent to the reader that, where- 

 as the effort when sliced according to any of these 

 four systems will always total 100 percent, there is 

 considerable difficulty in developing a detailed 

 compatibility along all four coordinated systems 

 that is internally consistent. In the annual pro- 

 gram, this is only accomplished by functional area 

 and by agency. An effort is made in this Long- 

 Range Plan, however, to relate these two break- 

 downs also to the breakdown by goals. 



In so doing, the reader is reminded that ocea- 

 nographic effort associated with any goal includes 

 the totality of research time, ship construction and 

 operating costs, instrumentation, etc., that in the 

 aggregate must be allocated to achievement of that 

 particular goal. 



Finally, what has been categorized as a goal of 

 "strengthening basic science" should not be mis- 

 interpreted as equivalent to the conduct of "re- 

 search" in the functional breakdown. The science 

 goal sector includes an appropriate fraction of ship 

 construction and operating costs, instrumentation, 

 etc.,. but no applied research. The functional re- 

 search category, on the other hand, includes both 

 basic and applied research, and ship operating 

 costs associated therewith, but does not include 

 ship construction costs, facilities or major instru- 

 mentations that are catalogued separately. 



A. Strengthening Basic Science 

 (56 percent 1963-72 Effort) 



If the present plans are carried out, the goal of 

 strengthening oceanography as a science will re- 

 ceive a greatly increased fraction of federal sup- 

 port during the next ten years. Not only does the 

 National Science Foundation intend to expand its 

 present program almost fourfold during the 

 decade, but the Office of Naval Research will 

 approximately double its basic research support; 

 the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries intends to 

 expand its support materially in areas related to 

 marine biology. The Smithsonian plans to spend 

 about $25 million in basic science over the dec- 

 ade, and other agencies such as the Coast and Geo- 

 detic Survey and the Geological Survey will also 

 contribute. Altogether, approximately $1.35 bil- 



lion is planned to be spent during the next ten 

 years, an expansion of more than threefold by 

 FY 1972. 



Figure 2 shows how this support is divided 

 among the agencies. Three-quarters is administer- 

 ed almost equally by the Navy and the National 

 Science Foundation, with the Bureau of Commer- 

 cial Fisheries contributing another 15 percent. 

 The remaining 1 1 percent is shared by the AEC, 

 the Public Health Service, the Geological Survey, 

 the Smithsonian, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, 

 and the Weather Bureau. 



It should be pointed out that Project Mohole is 

 not being included in the oceanographic budget, 

 although many of its results will be as applicable to 

 geolog[ical oceanography and to oceanographic en- 

 gineering as to geology as a whole. It is expected 

 that other geological drillings into ocean sedi- 

 ments will be undertaken in water of moderate 

 depth. None of these programs are currently in- 

 cluded in this oceanography inventory, but future 

 planning may suggest their addition rather than 

 their classification of "earth sciences." While all 

 aspects of oceanographic science will be supported, 

 physical and biological oceanography will receive 

 the major share. 



Special international programs are included in 

 this category of goals. The International Indian 

 Ocean Expedition, a 32-nation, 40-ship effort be- 

 gun in 1961 and expected to last until 1966 to 

 which the U.S. is contributing 1 1 ships and about 

 $24 million, and the International Cooperative 

 Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic are exam- 

 ples. Basic research will be conducted principally 

 in 35 private laboratories. 



A considerable number of small laboratories and 

 university departments also conduct basic ocea- 

 nographic research, and many of these, such as 

 the one at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- 

 ogy, are growing and new ones are expected to 

 come into being. There were, in addition, approxi- 

 mately 1 2 large government laboratories and more 

 than 20 small ones in 1963. Overall, the growth in 

 the next decade is expected to be primarily in the 

 number of large laboratories employing 30 or 

 more scientists. 



Private laboratories now operate a fleet of over 

 15 seagoing research ships and about 20 will be 

 added to it by NSF and Navy funds in the next dec- 

 ade. The bathyscaph, TRIESTE, presently the only 

 operational deep research vehicle, is operated by 



