fined and that tlie overloaded general-purpose 

 centers refrain from involvement in aspects 

 of data handling more suitable to a special- 

 ized center. 



Manpower for a Marine Effort 



It is difficult to identify the people cur- 

 rently engaged in marine-related work, and 

 it is equally difficult accurately to project 

 manpower needs for a total national marine 

 efl'ort. The rapidity and kinds of industrial 

 development and the level of Federal sup- 

 port, knowledge about which we can now only 

 speculate, will have a profound etfect on 

 manpower requirements for engineers, tech- 

 nicians, and other marine-related personnel. 



The Conmiission recommends that NOAA 

 help to develop and maintain manpower in- 

 ventories, statistics, trends, and projections. 



Support Capability for Marine Operations 



Operations on and under the seas depend 

 upon an interlocking variety of supporting 

 services furnished primarily by the Federal 

 Government. They include mapping and 

 charting, aids to navigation, maintenance of 

 waterways, salvage, safety, law enforcement, 

 and certification of some types of personnel 

 and equipment. 



The Commission finds that the Nation's 

 ability to provide such services, although sat- 

 isfactory in some instances, requires consider- 

 able upgrading to meet even current needs; 

 certainly the services will be inadequate to 

 satisfy the demands of an expanded national 

 etfort. Supporting services must keep pace 

 with development of the reconmiended na- 

 tional ocean program. 



A Plan for the Coastal Zone 



The coastal zone, where the rivers and 

 shores join the sea and the Great Lakes, pre- 

 sents some of the most urgent eiivironmental 

 problems and the most immediate and tangi- 

 ble opi^ortunities for improvement. 



Managing the Coastal Zone 



Thirty States border on the sea coasts and 

 Great Lakes; so far, it has been principally 

 theirs to determine whether actions on or 

 near our shores are beneficial or damaging. 



The most serious barriers to effective State 

 action are the conflicting and overlapping 

 Federal, State, and local laws and regula- 

 tions which attempt to control certain 

 coastal zone activities as well as the lack of 

 suitable laws and regulations for other 

 activities of equal importance. Often the 

 laws that do exist are not adequately en- 

 forced. Further, there is little coordination 

 of the many Federal, State, and local agen- 

 cies with partial responsibilities. 



The Commission recommends that the pri- 

 mary responsibility for management of the 

 coastal zone continue to be vested in the 

 States but that Federal legislation be enacted 

 to encourage and support the creation of 

 State Coastal Zone Authorities to carry out 

 specified national objectives with regard to 

 the zone. The Authorities should have clear 

 powers to plan and regulate land and water 

 uses and to acquire and develop land in the 

 coastal zone. 



Although liaison and cooperation among 

 the Coastal Zone Authorities and several 

 Federal agencies will be necessary, the legis- 

 lation should place primar;\- responsibility 

 in NOAA for working with the States on 

 marine matters. This agency should support, 

 review, and coordinate activities of the 

 Coastal Zone Authorities. 



It will take time and the resolution of 

 many organizational problems to bring the 

 coastal zone under the effective management 

 of the Coastal Zone Authorities. Some 

 traditional powers must be yielded; some 

 traditional privileges and prerogatives must 

 be abandoned. Imaginative leaders in the 

 States must find ways to make compatible 



