on 



Chapter 5 The Global Environ- 

 ment 1G9 



Exploring and Understanding the 



Global Oceans 171 



Research and Survey Programs. . . . 172 

 Marine Geology and Geo- 



l)hysics 172 



Marine Biology 172 



Phj'sical Oceanography 173 



Polar Seas 173 



Decade of Ocean Exploration 174 



The Technology 175 



The Global Monitoring and Predic- 

 tion System 181 



System Operations and Manage- 

 ment Arrangements 182 



A Program for Immediate Improve- 

 ment 188 



The Technology for NEMPS 191 



Research 194 



Environmental Modification 197 



An International Framework: Orga- 

 nizational and Legal 198 



International Organizations 199 



A Legal Framework for the Con- 

 duct of Marine Research 201 



Program Costs 205 



Chapter 6 Technical and Operat- 

 ing Services 209 



Mapping and Charting the Oceans. . . 209 



Navigation 213 



Safety at Sea 215 



Control of Offshore Traffic 215 



Certification 215 



Search and Rescue 216 



Recreational Boating 216 



Underwater Safety 217 



Policing and Enforcement 217 



Data Services 218 



Instrument Testing and Calibration. . 221 



Program Costs 224 



Chapter 7 Organizing a National 



Ocean Effort 227 



Federal Organization for Marine 



Affairs 227 



A National Oceanic and Atmospheric 



Agency 230 



Organization and Functions 230 



Capabilities of the New Agency . . . 234 

 Considerations Relevant to the 



Recommended Agency Transfers . 236 

 Overseeing the National Program. . . . 244 

 Operational Planning and Coordi- 

 nation 244 



National Advisory Committee for 



the Oceans 245 



Executive Office of the President . . 246 



Congressional Oversight 247 



Conclusion 249 



Chapter 8 A Financial Plan for 



Marine Science 251 



The Commission's Approach to Cost 



Estimates 251 



Present Funding Levels 252 



The Commission's Estimates: An 



Overview 254 



A Budget for the National Oceanic and 



Atmospheric Agency 258 



Conclusion 258 



Epilogue 260 



Appendix 1 Public Law 89-454 261 



Appendix 2 Table of Recommen- 

 dations 267 



Appendix 3 The Operations and 

 Task of the Commission 278 



Appendix 4 Commission Studies 



and Reports 283 



Photo Credits 286 



Index 289 



