THE OPEN SEA IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN. 



149 



surface, by changes, from whatever cause, in the course or ve- 

 locity of the surface current, for obviously the under current could 

 not bring more v^^ater into the frozen ocean than the surface cur- 

 rent would carry out again, either as ice or water. 



287. Every winter, an example of how very close warm water 

 in the sea and a very severe climate on the land or the ice may 

 be to each other, is afforded to us in the case of the Gulf Stream, 

 and the Labrador-like climate of New England, Nova Scotia, and 

 Newfoundland. In these countries, in winter, the thermometer 

 frequently sinks far below zero, notwithstanding that the tepid 

 w^aters of the Gulf Stream may be found with their summer tem- 

 perature within one good day's sail of these very, very cold places. 



