THE OPEN SEA IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN. 149 



surface, by changes, from whatever cause, in the course or ve- 

 locity of the surface current, for obviously the under current could 

 not bring more water into the frozen ocean than the surface cur- 

 rent would carry out again, either as ice or water. 



287. Every winter, an example of how very close w^arm water 

 in the sea and a very severe climate on the land or the ice may 

 be to each other, is afforded to us in the case of the Gulf Stream, 

 and the Labrador-like climate of New England, Nova Scotia, and 

 Newfoundland. In these countries, in winter, the thermometer 

 frequently sinks far below zero, notwithstanding that the tepid 

 waters of the Gulf Stream may be found with their summer tem- 

 perature within one good day's sail of these very, very cold places. 



