CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE GULF STREAM. 



Its Color, <J 2. — Theories, 5. — Capt. Livingston's, 6. — Dr. Franklin's, 7. — Admiral 

 Smyth and Mediterranean Currents, 8. — Trade Winds not the Cause of the Gulf 

 Stream, 9. — Drift of Bottles, 12. — Sargasso Sea, 13. — Hypothetical System of Cur- 

 rents, 19. — Galvanic Properties of the Gulf Stream, 26. — Saltness of ditto, 29. — 

 Effects produced upon Currents by Evaporation, 32. — Gulf Stream Roof-shaped, 

 39. — Effects of Diurnal Rotation upon Running Water, 42. — Course of the Gulf 

 Stream not altered by Nantucket Shoals, 52. — The Trough in the Sea through 

 which the Gulf Stream flows has a Vibratory Motion, 54. — Streaks of Warm and 

 Cold W^ater in the Gulf Stream, 57.— Runs up Hill, 59.— A Cushion of Cold Wa- 

 ter, 60 Page 25 



CHAPTER H. 



INFLUENCE OF THE GULF STREAM UPON CLIMATES. 



How the Climate of England is regulated by it, § 61. — Isothermal Lines of the At- 

 lantic, 63. — Deep-sea Temperatures under the Gulf Stream, 68. — Currents indi- 

 cated by the Fish, 70. — Sea-nettles, 73. — Climates of the Sea, 75. — Offices of the 

 Sea, 76. — Influence of the Gulf Stream upon the Meteorology of the Ocean, 78. — 

 Furious Storms, 80. — Dampness of the English Clunate due the Gulf Stream, 83. 

 — Its Influence upon Storms, 85. — Wreck of the Steamer San Francisco, 88. — 

 Influence of the Gulf Stream upon Commerce and Navigation, 96. — Used for find- 

 ing Longitude, 103. — Commerce in 1769, 106 50 



CHAPTER III. 



THE ATMOSPHERE. 



Its Connection with the Physical Geography of the Sea, ^ 113. — Description, 114. — 

 Order in Sea and Air, 119. — The Language and Eloquence of Nature, 120. — The 

 Trade-winds, 122.— Plate I., Circulation of the Atmosphere, 123. — An Illustration, 

 126. — Theory, 128. — Where and why the Barometer stands highest, 133. — The 

 Pleiades, 142. — Trade-wind Clouds, 146. — Forces concerned, 149. — Heat and Cold, 

 150. — How the Winds turn about the Poles, 155. — Offices of the Atmosphere, 159. 

 — ?ilechanical Power of, 167. — Whence come the Rains for the Northern Hemi- 

 sphere"? 169. — Quantity of Rain in each Hemisphere, 175. — The saltest Portion of 

 the Sea, 179. — The Northeast Trade-winds take up Vapors for the Southern Hem- 

 isphere, 181.— Rainy Seasons, 187. — In Oregon, 189.— California, 191.— Panama, 

 193.— Rainless Regions, 194.— Rainy Side of Mountains, 199.— The Ghauts, 200. 

 — The greatest Precipitation — where it takes place, 203. — Evaporation, 207. — Rate 



of, in India, 210. — Adaptations of the Atmosphere, 219 ... 70 



B 



