xviii CONTENTS. 



95. — The Production of Currents without Wind, 96. — Warm Currents flow toward 

 the Pole, cold toward the Equator, 97. — The Edges of the Gulf Stream a striking 

 Feature, 98. — Illustrations, 99. — How the Water of the Gulf Stream dilFers from 

 the littoral Waters, 100. — Action on Copper, 101. — Saltness of the Gulf Stream, 

 102. — Agents concerned, 103. — Evaporation and Precipitation, 104. — Current 

 into the Caribbean Sea, 105. — Amount of Salt left by Evaporation, lOG. — Cur- 

 rents created by Storms, 107. — The dynamical Force that calls forth the Gulf 

 Stream to be found in the Difference as to Specific Gravity of intertropical and 

 polar Waters, 108.— Winter Temperature of the Gulf Stream, 109.— The Top of 

 the Gulf Stream roof-shaped, 110. — Drift Matter sloughed off to the right. 111. — 

 Wiiy so sloughed off, 112. — Illustration, 113. — Drift-wood on the Mississippi, 114. 

 — Effect of diurnal Rotation upon, 115. — Formation of the Grand Banks, IIG. — 

 Deep Water near, 117. — The Gulf Stream describes in its Course the Path of a 

 Trajectory, 118. — Its Path from Bemini to Ireland, 119. — The Tendency of all 

 Currents, both in the Sea and Air, to move in Great Circles a physical Law, 120. — 

 This Law recognized by the Gulf Stream, 121. — The Shoals of Nantucket do not 

 control its Course, 122. — Herschel's Theory not consistent with knowji Facts, 123. 

 ■ — The Channel of the Gulf Stream shifts with the Season, 124. — The Phenome- 

 non thermal in its Character, 125. — Limits of the Gulf Stream in March and Sep- 

 tember, 12G. — Reluctance of Layers or Patches to mingle, 127. — Streaks of warm 

 and cool, 128. — Waters of the Ocean kept in Motion by thermo-dynamical Means, 

 129. — Fig. A, Plate VI., 130. — The high Temperature and Drift in the western 

 Half of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, 131. — A Gulf Stream in each, 132. 

 — Their Connection with the Arctic Ocean, 133. — The Sargassos show the feeble 

 Power of the Trade-winds upon Currents, 134. — The drift Matter confined to Sar- 

 gassos by Currents, 135. — Theoryas to the Formation of Sargassos, 13G. — Sargas- 

 sos of southern Seas to the left of the southern, to the right of the great polar and 

 equatorial Flow and Rcflow, 137. — Their Position conforms to the Theory, 138. — 

 The Discovery of a new Sargasso, 139. — One in the South Atlantic, 140. — The 

 large Volume of warm Water outside of the Gulf Stream, 141. — The Resemblance 

 between the Currents in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific, 142. — A Cush- 

 ion of cool Water protects the Bottom of the deep Sea from Abrasion by its Cur- 

 rents, 143 Page 19 



CHAPTER III. 



INFLUENCE OF THE GULF STREAM UPON CLIMATES AND COMMERCE. 



How the Washington Observatory is warmed, § 150. — An Analogy showing how the 

 Gulf Stream raises Temperature in Europe, 151. — Depth and Temperature, 152. 

 — Contrasts of Climates in the same Latitudes, 153. — Mildness of an Orkney Win- 

 ter, 154. — Amount of Heat daily escaping through the Gulf Stream, 155. — Its be- 

 nign Influences, 15G. — Cold Water at the Bottom of the Gulf Stream, 157. — Fish 

 and Currents, 158. — A Shoal of Sea-nettles, 159. — Food for Whales, IGO. — Piazzi 

 Smith's Description, IGl. — The Waters of the Sea bring forth — oh how abundant- 

 ly! 162. — Contrasts between the Climates of Land and Sea, 163. — Order and De- 

 sign, 164. — Terrestrial Adaptations, 165. — Meteorology of the Sea : the Gulf Stream 

 the Weather-breeder — its Storms — the great Hurricane of 1 780, 1 Q>&. — Inquiries in- 

 stituted by the Admiralty, 167. — The most stormy Sea, 168. — Northern Seas more 

 boisterous than southern, 169. — Storms in the North Atlantic and Pacific, 170. — 

 Storms along their western Shores, 171. — Position of the Poles cf maximum Cold, 



