CONTENTS. xix 



and their Influence upon the Meteorology of these two Oceans, 172. — Climates of 

 England and Silver Fogs of Newfoundland, 173. — Influences upon Stonns, 174. 

 — More Observations in and about the Gulf Stream a Desideratum, 175. — Certain 

 Storms make for it and follow it, 17G. — How aqueous Vapor assists in producing 

 Winds, 177. — Storms in the Interior attracted by the Gulf Stream, 178. — Storms 

 of, dreaded by Seamen, 179. — Routes formerly governed by the Gulf Stream, 180. 

 — Difficulties with early Navigators, 181. — Finding Longitude by the Gulf Stream, 

 182.— Folger's Chart, 183.— Using the Gulf Stream in Winter, 184.— Running 

 south to spend the Winter, 185. — Thermal Navigation, 18G. — Commodore Trux- 

 ton, 187. — The Discovery of the high Temperature of the Gulf Stream followed by 

 a Decline in Southern Commerce, 188. — Statistics, 189. — The Shortening of Voy- 

 ages, 190. — The Scope of these Researches, 191 Page 49 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE ATMOSPHERE. 



Likened to a Machine, § 200. — The Air and the Ocean governed by stable Laws, 201. 

 — Importance of observing the Works of Nature, 202. — Materials for this Chapter, 

 203.— Different Belts of Winds, 204.— The trade-wind Belts, 205.— The return 

 Current, 206. — The Effect of diurnal Rotation on the Course of the Trade-winds, 

 207.— Two grand Systems of Currents, 208.— From the Pole to 35°-30°, 209.— 

 The "Horse Latitudes," 210.— The Barometer there, 211.— The equatorial calm 

 Belt, 212. — The calm Belt of Capricorn, 213. — The polar Calms and the return 

 Current, 214. — Diagram of the Winds — Plate I., 215. — As our Knowledge of the 

 Laws of Nature has increased, so have our Readings of the Bible improved, 216. 

 — Sloughing off" from the counter Trades, 217. — The Air which supplies the south- 

 east Trade-wind in the Band 5° does not cross the Band 25°, 218. — Winds with 

 Northing and Winds with Southing in them contrasted, 21^. — Southeast Trade- 

 winds stronger near the equatorial Limits, 220. — Speed of Vessels through the 

 Trade-winds, 221. — The Question, Whence are the southeast Trade-winds supplied 

 with Air? answered, 222. — Whither it goes, 223. — How it is drawn down from 

 above, 224. — Velocity of southeast shown to be greater than northeast Trade- 

 winds, 225. — The Air sloughed off" from the counter Trades moist Air, 226. — 

 The Air sloughed off" from the upper trade Current dry, 227. — The meteorological 

 Influences of ascending Columns of moist Air, 228. — Supposing the Air visible, 

 the Spectacle that would be presented between the upper and lower Currents, 229. 

 — The Importance of atmospherical Circulation, 230. — Its vertical Movements, 

 how produced, 231. — Vertical and horizontal Movements in the Air Consequents 

 of, and dependent upon each other, 232. — Cold Belts, 233. — The upper Currents, 

 their Numbers and OflSces, 234. — Tendency of Air when put in Motion to move 

 in the Plane of a Great Circle, 235. -^^The Results upon its Circulation of this 

 Tendency, 236. — Experiments by the French Academy, 237. — How Supplies of 

 fresh Air are brought down from the upper Sky, 238. — Beautiful and benign Ar- 

 rangements, 239.— Their Influences upon the Mind, 240. — The Effect of down- 

 ward Currents in producing Cold, 241. — The Winter Northers of Texas, 242. — 

 Their severe Cold, 243.— The Wind in his Circuits, 244.— Forces which propel 

 the Wind, 245. — Effect of the direct Heat of the Sun upon the Trade-winds, 246. 

 — The two Systems of Trade-winds unequal both in Force, Duration, and Stabil- 

 ity, 247.— Eflfects of Heat and Vapor, 248. — Hurricanes not due to direct Heat 

 of the Sun, 249.— The Influence of other Agents required, 250.— Where found, 



