XXiV CONTENTS. 



grometry of Caspians, 543. — Countries in the temperate Zone of this Hemisphere 

 that arc under the Lee of Land in the trade-wind Regions of the other arc dry 

 Countries, S-t-t. — Their Situation, and the Range of dry Winds, 545. — The Medi- 

 terranean within it, 546. — Heavy Evaporation, 547. — The Winds that give Rains 

 to Siberian Rivers have to cross the Steppes of Asia, 548. — How Climates in one 

 Hemisphere depend upon the Arrangement of Land in the other, and upon the 

 Course of the Winds, 549. — Terrestrial Adaptations, 550. — The Red Sea and its 

 Vapors, 55L — Certain Seas and Deserts considered' as Counterpoises in the Ter- 

 restrial Machinery, 552. — Hypothesis supported by Facts, 553. — How, by the 

 Winds, the Age of certain geological Phenomena in our Hemisphere may be 

 compared Avith the Age of those in the other, 554. — The Andes older than the 

 Dead Sea as an inland Water, 555 Page 285 



CHAPTER XIH. 



THE DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN. 



Submarine Scenery, § 560. — Ignorance concerning the Depth of "Blue Water," 561. 

 — Early Attempts at deep-sea Soundings — unworthy of Reliance, 562. — Various 

 Methods tried or proposed, 563. — Physical Problems more difficult than that of 

 measuring the Depth of the Sea have been accomplished, 564. — The deep-sea 

 sounding Apparatus of Peter the Great, 565. — A Plan of deep-sea Sounding de- 

 vised for the American Navy, 566. — ^The great Depths and Failures of the first 

 Attempts, 567. — The Plan finally adopted, 568. — Discovery of Currents in the 

 Depths of the Sea, 569. — Evidence in favor of a regular System of oceanic Circu- 

 lation, 570. — Method of making a deep-sea Sounding, 57L — The Law of the 

 Plummet's Descent, 572. — Brooke's sounding Apparatus, 573. — The deepest Part 

 of the Atlantic Ocean, 574. — Deep-sea Soundings by the English Navy, 575. 304 



CHAPTER XIV. 



THE BASIN AND BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 



The Wonders of the Sea, § 580. — Its Bottom and Chimborazo, 581. — An oro- 

 graphic View, 582.— Plate XL, 583.— "What's the Use" of deep-sea Soundings? 

 584. — The telegraphic Plateau, 585. — The first Specimens of deep-sea Soundings, 

 586. — Bailey's Letter, 587. — Specimens from the coral Sea, 588. — They belong 

 to the Animal, not to the Vegetable or Mineral Kingdom, 589. — Quiet reigns in 

 the Depths of the Sea, 590. — Is there Life in them? 591. — The Ocean in a new 

 Light, 592. — Leveling Agencies, 593. — The Offices of Animalculae, 594. — The 

 Study of them profitable, 595. — The Abrasion of Currents, 596. — Their Pressure 

 on the Bottom, 597. — Why they can not chafe it, 598. — What it consists of, 599. 

 — The Causes that produce Currents in the Sea reside near its Surface, 600. — 

 Their Depth, 601.— The Cushion of still Water— its Thickness, 602.— The Con- 

 servators of the Sea, 603. — The anti-biotic View the most natural, 604. — The 

 Question stated, 605. — The Arguments of the Biotics, 606. — Ehrenberg's State- 

 ment of them, 607. — The anti-biotic View, 608. — Their Arguments based on the 

 Tides, 609. — On the antiseptic Properties of Sea-Avater, 610. — On Pressure, 611. 

 — Arguments from the Bible, 612. — A Plan for solving the Question, 613. — An 

 unexpected Solution afforded, 614. — A Discovery suggested by it, 615. — Speci- 

 mens from the three Oceans all tell the same Story, 616. — Their Suggestions, 

 617. — The work of Readaptation, how carried on, 618 315 



