CONTENTS. XXV 



CHAPTER XV. 



SEA ROUTES, CALM BELTS, AND VARIABLE WINDS. 



Practical Results of physical Researches at Sea, § 621. — Time-tables, 622. — Close 

 Running, 623. — A Desideratum on Shipboard, 624. — How Passages have been 

 shortened, 625. — Fast Sailing, 626. — The longest Voyage, 627. — Obstructions to 

 the Navigator, 628.— Plate VIII., 629.— Deserts, 630.— Diurnal Rotation, 631. 

 — The Land in the northern Hemisphere, 632. — Why the southeast Trades arc 

 the stronger, 633. — Their Uniformity of Temperature, 634. — The mean Place of 

 the equatorial calm Belt, 635. — Never at rest, 636. — The calm Belts occupy me- 

 dial Positions, 637. — Strength of the Trade-winds varies with the Seasons, 638. — 

 Sailing through them in Fall and Winter, 639. — A thermal Adjustment, 640. — 

 The Barometer in the Trade-winds and equatorial Calms, 641. — Experiments in 

 the French Navy, 642. — Difference in Tons of the barometric Pressure upon the 

 northeast and southeast Trade-winds, 643. — Why the Barometer should stand 

 higher in the southeast than in the northeast Trade-winds, 644. — Cataclysms, 

 645. — Are the Climates of the Earth changing? 646. — Temperature of the Trade- 

 winds and calm Belts, 647. — The thermal Equator, 648. — A natural Actinometer 

 in the Trade-winds, 649. — Heat daily received by the southeast Trade-winds, 650. 

 — Equatorial calm Belt never stationary, 651. — It varies with the Strength of the 

 Trade-winds, 652. — Precipitation in it, 653. — The Appearance of the calm Belts 

 from a distant Planet, 654. — Rainy Seasons of the tropical calm Belts, 655. — 

 Their Position, 656. — A meteorological Law, 657. — The Barometer in the calm 

 Belts, 658. — Winds with Northing and Winds with Southing in them, 659. — The 

 barometric Ridges, 660. — They make a Depression in the Atmosphere, 661. — The 

 upper Surface of the Atmosphere, 662. — Winds in the southern stronger than 

 Winds in the northern Hemisphere, 663. — The Waves and Gales off the Cape of 

 Good Hope, 664. — Winds blow from a high to a low Barometer, 665. — Polar 

 Rarefaction, 666. — The tropical calm Belts caused by the polar and equatorial 

 Calms, 667. — The meteorological Power of latent Heat, 668. — The low Barome- 

 ter off Cape Horn, 669. — Barometric Table, 670. — Barometer at the Poles, 671. 

 — The " brave west Winds" — their barometric Descent, 672. — Study of the Mon- 

 soons affords farther Information touching the calm Belts, 673. — The southwest 

 Winds of the Atlantic, 674. — Sailing through the Trade-wind, 675. — The Influ- 

 ence of the Land upon the Winds at Sea, 676. — A "Gulf Stream" in the Air, 

 G77. — Counterpoises, 678. — Normal State of the Atmosphere, 679. — Rain-winds, 

 680 Page 334 



CHAPTER XVL 



MONSOONS. 



The Cause of, § 681.— The Region of, 682.— A low Barometer in Northern India, 

 683.— The S.W. Monsoons "backing down," 684.— How they begin, 685.— The 

 Sun assisted by the latent Heat of Vapor, 686. — The Rain-fall in India, 687. — 

 Its Influences upon the Monsoons, 688. — The March of the Monsoons, 689. — 

 Their Conflict — it begins at the north, 690. — The barometric Descent of the Mon- 

 soons, 691. — The Summer Rains of Cherraponjie, 692. — Dove and the Monsoons, 

 693. — The southeast Trades passing into southwest Monsoons, 694. — Lieutenant 

 Jansen, 695. — Monsoons in the Pacific, 696. — Influence of Coral Reefs upon 

 Winds, 697. — Monsoons in Miniature, 698. — The Changing of the Monsoons, 699. 



