130 THE PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA. 



the draught and to obey it — they are drawn into the blaze. The 

 circle of inflowing air is gradually enlarged, until it is scarcely 

 perceived in the remote parts of the room. Now the land is the 

 hearth, the rays of the sun the fire, and the sea, with its cool and 

 calm air, the room ; and thus we have at our firesides the sea- 

 breeze in miniature. When the sun goes down the fire ceases ; 

 then the dry land commences to give off its surplus heat by radi- 

 ation, so that by dew-fall it and the air above it are cooled below 

 the sea temperature. The atmosphere on the land thus becomes 

 heavier than on the sea, and, consequently, there is a wind sea- 

 ward which we call the land-breeze. 



316. "A long residence in the Indian Archipelago, and, conse- 

 LJeutjansenonthe qHCUtly, iu that part of the world where the inves^ 

 in°thrindian^Arcw! tigatious of the Obscrvatory at Washington have 

 peiago. j^Q^ extended, has given me," says Jansen,* in his 



Appendix to the Physical Geography of the Sea, *' the opportu- 

 nity of studying the phenomena which there occur in the atmos- 

 phere, and to these phenomena my attention was, in the first 

 place, directed. I was involuntarily led from one research to an- 

 other, and it is the result of these investigations to which I would 

 modestly give a place at the conclusion of Maury's Physical Geog- 

 raphy of the Sea, with the hope that these first-fruits of the log- 

 books of the Netherlands may be speedily followed by more and 

 better. Upon the northern coast of Java, the phencfmenon of 

 daily land and sea breezes is finely developed. There, as the 

 gorgeous ' eye of day' rises almost perpendicularly from the sea 

 with fiery ardor, in a cloudless sky, it is greeted by the volcanoes 

 with a column of white smoke, which, ascending from the conical 

 summits high in the firmament above, forms a crown, or assumes 



♦ I have been assisted in my investigations into these phenomena of the sea by- 

 many thinking minds ; among those whose debtor I am stands first and foremost the 

 clear head and warm heart of a foreign ofiicer, Lieutenant Marin Jansen, of the 

 Dutch Navy, whom I am proud to call my friend. He has served many years in the 

 East Indies, and has enriched my humble contributions to the "Physical Geography 

 of the Sea" with contributions from the store-house of his knowledge, set off and pre- 

 sented in many fine pictures, and has appended them to a translation of the first 

 edition of this work in the Dutch language. He has added a chapter on the land 

 and sea breezes ; another on the changing of the monsoons in the East Indian Ar- 

 chipelago : he has also extended his remarks to the northwest monsoon, to hurri- 

 canes, the southeast trades of the South Atlantic, and to winds and currents gen- 

 erally. 



