XVI CONTENTS. 



concerned, 103,— Evaporation and Precipitation, 104.— Current into the Caribbean 

 Sea, 105.— Amount of Salt left by Evaporation, 106.— Currents created by Storms, 

 107.— The dynamical Force that calls forth the Gulf Stream to be found in the 

 Diiference as to Specific Gravity of intertropical and polar Waters, 108. — Winter 

 Temperature of the Gulf Stream, 109.- The Top of the Gulf Stream roof-shaped, 

 110.— Drift Matter sloughed off to the right. 111.— Why so sloughed off, 112.— 

 Illustration, 113.— Drift-wood on the Mississippi, 114.— Effect of diurnal notation 

 upon, 115.— Formation of the Grand Banks, 116.— Deep Water near, 117.— The 

 Gulf Stream describes in its Course the Path of a Trajectory, 118.— ^Its Path from 

 Bernini to Ireland, 119.— The Tendency of all Currents, both in the Sea and Air, 

 to move in Great Circles a physical Law, 120.— This Law recognized by the Gulf 

 Stream, 121.— The Shoals of Nantucket do not control its Course, 122.— Herschel's 

 Theory not consistent with known Facts, 123.— The Channel of the Gulf Stream 

 •shifts with the Season, 124.— The Phenomenon thermal in its Character, 125. — 

 Limits of the Gulf Stream in Mai'ch and September, 126. — Reluctance of Layers or 

 Patches to mingle, 127.— Streaks of warm and cool, 128.— Waters of theOcean kept 

 in Motion by thermo-dynamical Means, 129.— Fig. A, Plate VI., 130.— The high 

 Temperature and Drift in the western Half of the North Atlantic and Pacific 

 Oceans, 131. — A Gulf Stream in each, 132.— Their Connection with the Arctic 

 Ocean, 133. — The Sargassos show the feeble Power of the Trade-winds upon Cur- 

 rents, 134. — The drift Matter confined to Sargassos by Currents, 135. — Theory as 

 to the Formation of Sargassos, 136.— Sargassos of southern Seas to the left of the 

 southern, to the right of the great polar and equatoi-ial Flow and Reflow, 137. — 

 Their Position conforms to the Theory, 138. — The Discovery of a new Sargasso, 

 13 J. — One in the South Atlantic, 140. — The large Volume of warm Water outside 

 of the Gulf Stream, 141. — The Resemblance between the Currents in the North 

 Atlantic and the North Pacific, 142. — A Cushion of cool Water protects the 

 Bottom of the deep Sea from Abrasion by its Currents, 143. — Why should the 

 Oulf Stream take its Rise in the Gulf of Mexico, 144.— The Trade-Winds as a 

 Cause of the Gulf Stream, 145. — Gulf Stream impelled by a constantly acting 

 Force, 146.— The true Cause of the Gulf Stream, 147 . . . Page 21 



CHAPTEK III. 



INFLUENCE OF THE GULF STREAM UPON CLIMATES AND COMMERCE. 



How the Washington Observatory is warmed, § 150. — An Analogy showing how the 

 Gulf Stream raises Temperature in Europe, 151.— Depth and Temperature, 152. — 

 Contrasts of Climates in the same Latitudes, 153. — Mildness of an Orkney Winter, 

 154. — Amount of Heat daily escaping through the Gulf Stream, 155. — Its benign 

 'Influences, 156.— Cold Water at the ^Bottom of the Gulf Stream, 157.— Fish and 

 •Currents, 158.— A Shoal of Sea-nettles, 159.— Food for Whales, 160.— Piazzi 

 Smyth's Description, 161. — The Waters of the Sea bring forth — oh how abundantly ! 

 162.— Contrasts between the Climates of Land and Sea, 163.— Order and Design, 

 164.— Terrestrial Adaptations, \%b.—3Ieieorology of the Sea: the Gulf Stream the 

 Weather-breeder — its Storms— the great Hurricane of 1780, 166. — Inquiries in- 

 stituted by the Admiralty, 167. — The most stormy Sea, 168. — Northern Seas more 

 .boisterous than southern, 169.- Storms in the North Atlantic and Pacific, 170. — 

 Storms along their western Shores, 171. — Position of the Poles of maximum Cold, 

 and their Influence upon the Meteorology of these two Oceans, 172. — Climates of 

 England and Silver Fogs of Newfoundland, 173. — Influences upon Storms, 174. — 

 More observations in and about the Gulf Stream a Desideratum, 175. — Certain 

 Storms make for it and follow it, 176. — How aqueous Vapour assists in producing 

 Winds, 177. — Storms in the interior attracted by the Gulf Stream, 178.— Storms of, 

 dreaded by Seamen, 179. — Routes formerly governed by the Gulf Stream, 180. — 

 Difficulties with early Navigators, 181. — Finding Longitude by the Gulf Stream, 

 182.— Folger's Chart, 183.— Using the Gulf Stream in Winter, 184.— Running 

 .south to spend the Winter, 185. — Thermal Navigation, 186. — Commodore Truxton, 

 187. — The Discovery of the high Temperature of the Gulf Stream followed by a 

 Decline in Southern Commerce, 188.— Statistics, 189.— The Shortening of Voyages, 

 190. — The Scope of these Researches, 191 Page 51 



