CONTENTS. XXI 



CHAPTEE XII. 



THE GEOLOGICAL AGENCY OF THE WIIQ-DS. 



The Sea and Air regarded as Parts of the same Machine, § 531. — The Level of the 

 Dead Sea, 532, — An ancient River from it, 533. — Precipitation and Evaporation 

 in the Dead Sea Valley, 534.— Whence come its Rains? 535.— The Influence of 

 mountain Ranges, 536. — How the Level of Caspians is reduced, 537. — The For- 

 mation of Inland Basins— a third Process, 538.— Examples, 539.— The Influence 

 of the South American Continent upon the Climate of the Dead Sea, 540. — The 

 Path of the S.E, Trade- winds over into the northern Hemisphere, 541,— Relays 

 for supplying them with Vapour by the way, 542.— Adjustments in this Hj-gro- 

 metry of Caspians, 543. — Countries in the temperate Zone of this Hemisphere 

 that are under the Lee of Land in the trade-wind Regions of the other are dry 

 Countries, 544. — Their Situation, and the Range of dry Winds, 545. — The Medi- 

 terranean within it, 546.— Heavy Evaporation, 547, — The Winds that give Rains 

 to Siberian Rivers have to cross the Steppes of Asia, 548, — How Climates in one 

 Hemisphere depend upon the Arrangement of Land in the other, and upon the 

 Course of the Winds, 549.— Terrestrial Adaptations, 550.— The Red Sea and its 

 Vapours, 551. — Certain Seas and Deserts considered as Counterpoises in the Ter- 

 restrial Machinerj^, 552. — Hypothesis supported by Facts, 553.— How, by the Winds, 

 the Age of certain geological phenomena in our Hemisphere may be compared 

 with the Age of those in the other, 554.— The Andes older than the Dead Sea as 

 an inland Water, 555 Page 274 



CHAPTEE XIII. 



THE DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN. 



Submarine Scenery, § 560.— Ignorance concerning the Depth of " Blue Water," 561. 

 — Early Attempts at Deep-sea Soundings — Unworthy of Reliance, 562. — Various 

 Methods tried or proposed, 563. — Physical Problems more difficult than that of 

 measuring the Depth of the Sea have been accomplished, 564, — The Deep-sea 

 Sounding Apparatus of Peter the Great, 565, — A Plan of Deep-sea Sounding devised 

 for the American Navy, 566, — The great Depths and Failures of the first Attempts, 

 567. — The Plan finally adopted, 568.— Discovery of Currents in the Depths of the 

 Sea, 569. — Evidence in favour of a regular System of Oceanic Circulation, 570. — • 

 Method of making a Deep-sea Sounding, 571. — The Law of the Plummet's Descent, 

 572. — Brooke's sounding Apparatus, 573. — The Deepest Part of the Atlantic 

 Ocean, 574. — Deep-sea Soundings by the English Navy, 575 . , Page 292 



CHAPTEE XIV. 



THE BASIN AND BED OF THE ATLANTIC. 



The Wonders of the Sea, § 580. — Its Bottom and Chimborazo, 581.— An Orographic 

 View, .582.— Plate XL, 583.— "AVhat'sthe Use" of Deep-sea Soundings ? .584.— The 

 telegraphic JPlateau, 585. — The First Specimens of Deep-sea Soundings, 586. — 

 Bailey's Letter, 587.— Specimens from the Coral Sea, 588. — They belong to the 

 Animal, not to the Vegetable or Mineral Kingdom, 589.— Quiet reigns in the* 

 Depths of the Sea, 590. — Is there Life in them? 591. — The Ocean in a New Light, 

 592.— Levelling Agencies, 593.— The Offices of Animalculae, 594.— The Study of 

 them profitable, 595. — The Abrasion of Currents, 596.— Their Pressure on the 

 Bottom, .597. — Why they cannot chafe it, 598. — What it consists of, 599. — The 

 Causes that produce Currents in the Sea reside near its Surface, 600. — Their Depth, 

 601.— The Cushion of still Water— its Thickness, 602.— The Conservators of the 

 Sea. 603. — The anti-biotic View the most natural, 604. — The Question stated, 605. 

 —The Arguments of the Biotics, 606. — Ehrenberg's Statement of them, 607. — The 

 anti-biotic View, 608.— Their Arguments based on the Tides, 609.— On the anti- 

 septic Properties of Sea-water, 610. — On Pressure, 611, — Arguments from the 

 Bible, 612, — A Plan for solving the Question, 613. — An unexpected Solution 



C 



